Modulation of Tumor Immunity by Soluble and Membrane-Bound Molecules at the Immunological Synapse

Figure 4

Novel therapeutic approaches targeting the immunological synapse to enhance antitumor immunity. Left. Costimulatory molecules either constitutively expressed (e.g., CD28) or inducible (e.g., 4-1BB, GITR, and OX40) that have or are being considered as targets for antitumor immunotherapy due to their positive effects on T cells after engagement (central white boxes). Right. Inhibitory molecules that have been shown to play roles in the suppression of antitumor T cells and that are expressed either at the surface of T cells (e.g., CTLA-4, PD-1) or at the surface tumor cells and professional APCs (e.g., PD-L1). Blunt arrows indicate the physiological processes (white boxes) that are affected upon the engagement of these molecules. The names of different monoclonal antibodies in present or past clinical evaluation are indicated below each antibody.