| | Cytokines | Possible function | References |
| | Chemokines: CC families: MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, and MCP-1 | They act as chemoattractant agents for monocytes and T-lymphocytes. | [92] |
| | Chemokines: CXC families: GRO-α, GRO-γ, IP-10, and MIG | GRO-α and GRO-γ attract neutrophils to sites of inflammation. IP-10 and MIG promote the chemotaxis of monocytes and activated T-lymphocytes. | [101] |
| | Interleukins: IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-23 | These chemoattractants and immune cells activators initiate Th1 and Th17 response. IL-5 and IL-6 activate STAT3. IL-22 maintains epithelial cell function and activation of macrophages. | [69, 93, 96, 100, 102, 103] |
| | Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) | | [59, 69, 86, 93]
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| | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) | Plays a major role in production of IL-1 and IL-6 | [86, 93] |
| | Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB)signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) | Stimulates production of chemokines
limits host inflammatory response in the gut | [86, 92, 104, 105]
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