Influence of the Cholinergic System on the Immune Response of Teleost Fishes: Potential Model in Biomedical Research

Figure 4

Cholinergic system in cells of the immune system and the effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in mammals. AcCoA: acetyl coenzyme; Ach: acetylcholine; AChE: acetylcholinesterase; AP1: activator protein 1; APC: antigen presenting cell; ChAT: choline acetyltransferase; CHT1: high-affinity choline transporter; DAG: diacyl glycerol; I-AChE: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; IL-2: interleukin 2; IP₃: inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate; mAChR: muscarinic ACh receptor; MAPK: mitogen activated protein kinase; MAPKK: MAP kinase kinase; MHC II: major histocompatibility complex class II; nAChR: nicotinic ACh receptor; PIP₂: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PKC: protein kinase C; PLC: phospholipase C; TCR: T-cell receptor (adapted from [33, 34]).