Late and Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection: Main Barrier to Long Term Graft Survival

Table 2

Strategies to treat AMR.

Strategies	Mechanisms
Plasmapheresis [37], immunoadsorption [38]	Removal of donor-specific antibodies
IVIG [39, 40]	Multiple mechanisms, basically pleiotropic immunomodulation
Rituximab [41, 42]	Chimeric anti-CD 20 monoclonal antibody, depleting B cells
Bortezomib [43, 44]	Proteasome inhibitor, may cause apoptosis of normal plasma cells which in turn decreases alloantibody production
Eculizumab [45, 46]	Humanized monoclonal antibody anti-C5
Mycophenolic acid, tacrolimus [34, 35]	Inhibit production of DSA
Splenectomy [47, 48]	Immediate reduction of the B-cell and plasma cell pool