Palladium Nanoparticles Induce Disturbances in Cell Cycle Entry and Progression of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Paramount Role of Ions

Figure 3

Ultrastructural alterations observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to Pd-NP and ions. The upper panels show alterations observed in cells exposed to 10 μg mL⁻¹ Pd-NP (B-D) relative to unexposed control (A); the lower panels (F-H) exemplify, relative to control (E), the alterations seen in PBMCs exposed to 0.1 μg mL⁻¹ Pd (IV) ions. PBMCs exposed to cobalt NPs and ions show numerous autophagic vacuoles (Av) at different stages of maturation, often enclosing damaged mitochondria (indicated by asterisks in C and G and white arrow in G). Accumulation of lipid droplets (Ld) and multilamellar bodies (Mb), membrane-bound structures composed of concentric membrane whorls, is also readily evident. Agglomerates of electron-dense nanosized particles, consistent with internalized Pd-NP, are present within or near cytoplasmic vacuoles in PBMCs (indicated by black arrows in D). Compared to the untreated controls, the PBMCs exposed to Pd-NP and ions show increased membrane ruffling and more indented nuclei (B and F).