Journal of Immunology Research

Review Article

Use of Autoantibodies to Detect the Onset of Breast Cancer

Table 1

Comparison between individual autoantibodies and autoantibody signatures in breast cancer.


TAA composition	Serum samples	Methods	Individual autoantibodies			Panel			Ref.
			AUC	Sensitivity	Specificity	AUC	Sensitivity	Specificity

p53, c-myc, HER2, NY-ESO-1, BRCA1, BRCA2, and MUC1	40 DCIS versus 97 PBC versus 90 HC	ELISA	—	24; 13; 18; 26; 8; 34; 20% (PBC versus HC) 15; 8; 13; 8; 3; 23; 13% (DCIS versus HC)	96; 97; 94; 94; 91; 92; 98%	—	64% (PBC versus HC) 45% (DCIS versus HC)	85%	[26]

p53, p62, c-myc, cyclin B1, survivin, and IMP1	64 breast cancers versus 346 HC	ELISA	Frequency of AABs to seven cancer-associated antigens: 7.8; 7.8; 18.8; 4.7; 7.8; 7.8% (breast cancer) and 1.4; 2; 1.2; 1.7; 2; 2% (HC)			Frequency of AABs to any seven antigens: 43.8% (breast cancer) and 10.1% (HC)			[31, 32]
						—	67–92%	85–95%

MUC1, cyclin D1, cathepsin D, p53, HER2, IGFBP-2, and TOPO2α	184 late-stage IBC versus 134 HC	ELISA	Frequency of AABs to seven cancer-associated antigens: 20; 8; 5; 10; 13; 14; 7% (breast cancer) and 3; 5; 3; 1; 5; 1; 3% (HC)			Frequency of AABs to any p53. HER2. MUC1 and TOPO2α antigens: 31% (breast cancer)			[33]
			0.48 (p53)	—	—	0.61 (p53 + HER2) 0.63 (p53 + HER2 + IGFBP-2 + TOPO2α)	—	—

ASB-9, SERAC1, and RELT	Training set: 5 breast cancers versus 5 HC	SEREX	0.593; 0.642; 0.727	41; 47; 53% (training set) 59; 53; 65% (validation set)	100; 100; 100% (training set) 65; 71; 77% (validation set)	0.861	80% (training set) 77% (validation set)	100% (training set) 82.8% (validation set)	[34]
	Validation set: 87 breast cancers versus 87 HC	ELISA

HSP60, MUC1, FKBP52, PPIA, PRDX2, HSP60, and MUC1	Training set: 20 breast cancers versus 20 other cancers versus 20 AID versus 20 HC	SERPA	0.69; 0.69; 0.66; 0.57; 0.59 (HC versus cancer) 0.63; 0.68; 0.66; 0.64; 0.63 (HC versus early-stage PBC) 0.73; 0.70; 0.65; 0.51; 0.56 (HC versus DCIS)	35; 37; 50; 50; 45% (HC versus cancer) 44; 43; 43; 48; 45% (HC versus early-stage PBC) 27; 32; 55; 51; 45% (HC versus DCIS)	87; 88; 87; 87; 86% (HC versus cancer) 86; 87; 90; 89; 87% (HC versus early-stage PBC) 90; 89; 87; 86; 84% (HC versus DCIS)	0.74 (HC versus cancer) 0.73 (HC versus early-stage PBC) 0.80 (HC versus DCIS)	60.5% (HC versus cancer) 55.2% (HC versus early-stage PBC) 72.2% (HC versus DCIS)	77.2% (HC versus cancer) 87.9% (HC versus early-stage PBC) 72.6% (HC versus DCIS)	[27]
	Validation set: 82 DCIS versus 60 early-stage PBC versus 93 HC	ELISA

GAL3, PAK2, PHB2, RACK1, and RUVBL1	Training set: 20 cancers (10 DCIS and 10 early-stage PBC) versus 20 BBL versus 20 AID versus 20 HC	SERPA	0.61; 0.56; 0.55; 0.59; 0.52 (HC versus cancer) 0.67; 0.59; 0.62; 0.61; 0.59 (HC versus early-stage PBC) 0.56; 0.52; 0.50; 0.57; 0.50 (HC versus DCIS)	32; 25; 24; 31; 24% (HC versus cancer) 47; 31; 32; 31; 31% (HC versus early-stage PBC) 24; 27; 18; 29; 18% (HC versus DCIS)	94; 96; 97; 94; 94% (HC versus cancer) 88; 94; 94; 97; 93% (HC versus early-stage PBC) 97; 91; 97; 94; 94% (HC versus DCIS)	0.81 (HC versus cancer) 0.81 (HC versus early-stage PBC) 0.85 (HC versus DCIS)	62–66% (HC versus cancer) 63–71% (HC versus early-stage PBC) 73–82% (HC versus DCIS)	83–87% (HC versus cancer) 81–84% (HC versus early-stage PBC) 74–82% (HC versus DCIS)	[28]
	Validation set: 55 DCIS versus 59 early-stage PBC versus 68 HC	ELISA

p62, p53, c-myc, survivin, p16, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, and CDK2	Training set: 1 cancer versus 4 HC	Miniarray	Frequency of AABs to eight cancer-associated antigens: 12.2; 12.2; 22; 22; 12.2; 17.1; 17.1; 9.8% (breast cancer) and 1.2; 2.4; 0; 1.2; 2.4; 1.2; 2.4; 1.2% (HC)			Frequency of AABs to any eight antigens: 61% (breast cancer) and 11% (HC)			[29]
	Validation set: 41 cancers versus 82 HC	ELISA	—	22% (c-myc)	100% (c-myc)	—	61%	89%

hnRNPF and FTH1	Training set: 5 cancers versus 5 HC	SEREX	0.725; 0.686	84.2; 81.2%	60.8; 56.1%	0.816	91.1% 89.3% (when combined with CA15-3)	72% 93.8% (when combined with CA15-3)	[30]
	Validation set: 155 breast cancers versus 155 HC versus 40 others cancers	ELISA

RBP-Jk, HMGN1, PSRC1, CIRBP, and ECHDC1	Training set: 20 DCIS versus 20 early-stage PBC	Microarray	0.57; 0.58; 0.51; 0.51; 0.54	62.7; 59.3; 16.9; 80.6; 59.3%	57.4; 54.1; 93.4; 31.8; 60.7%	0.794	83.3–86.1%	72.7–75%	[35]
	Validation set: 61 DCIS versus 59 early-stage PBC	ELISA

TAA: tumor-associated antigens; AABs: autoantibodies; AUC: area under curve; DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situ; PBC: primary breast cancer; HC: healthy control; AID: autoimmune disease; BBL: benign breast lesions; Ref: references.