The Role of Chemokines in Breast Cancer Pathology and Its Possible Use as Therapeutic Targets
Figure 2
Chemokines involvement in angiogenesis. Angiogenic ELR+ chemokines act through CXCR2 receptor to promote (a) proliferation of endothelial cells (EC), (b) stress fibre assembly, and (c) tube formation. On its behalf, antiangiogenic non-ELR+ chemokines, via CXCR3, inhibit these processes. CCL2 also promotes angiogenesis via CCR2, (a) stimulating EC proliferation and (d) in an indirect manner by increasing TAM infiltration, which secrete angiogenic factors like VEGF. CXCL12 acts through CXCR7 to promote (a) EC proliferation and (e) VEGF production by these cells. It has been reported that (f) estrogen (E2) stimulates EC secretion of CXCL8.
