Muramyl Dipeptide Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption through Increased RANKL Expression in Stromal Cells

Figure 5

Enhancing lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in stromal cells in vitro. Total RNA from bone marrow stromal cells was isolated after 4 days of incubation in culture medium supplemented with 10 ng/mL LPS, 100 ng/mL LPS, or 10 ng/mL LPS and 10 μg/mL MDP. mRNA levels for RANKL were normalized to those of GAPDH. Results are expressed as mean ± SD (; ; ). Differences were determined using Scheffe’s test.