GDF15(MIC1) H6D Polymorphism Does Not Influence Cardiovascular Disease in a Latin American Population with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of 310 patients with RA.

Variable	Median (range)
Age (y)	37 (20–54)
Age at onset (y)	50 (26–67)
Duration of the disease (y)	12 (1–20)
BMI	29 (19–37)
EAM duration (m; media ± SD)	11.7 ± 3.3
Genetics	(%)
rs1058587 CC	212/310 (68.4)
rs1058587 CG	88/310 (28.4)
rs1058587 GG	10/310 (3.22)
Allele C	513/620 (82.7)
Allele G	109/620 (17.5)
Sociodemographic	(%)
Female	271/310 (87.4)
Civil status: married	174/282 (61.7)
Occupation: household duties	109/287 (38)
Socioeconomic status: medium	195/278 (70.1)
High educational level	169/212 (79.7)
Current smoking	49/272 (18)
RA-related	(%)
Polyautoimmunity: SS	16/310 (5.1)
Familial autoimmunity	47/272 (17.3)
EAM^&	117/303 (38.6)
Comorbidity^#	225/305 (73.7)
Rheumatoid factor (+)	162/237 (68.3)
ACPA (+)	107/133 (80.4)
ANA (+)	31/75 (41.3)
Erosive (+)	99/110 (90)
Methotrexate	248/273 (90.8)
DMARDs, ever^¥	83/117 (71)
Antimalarials, ever	158/256 (61.7)
Steroids, ever	250/269 (92.9)
Biological therapy, ever^€	37/256 (14.4)
Cardiovascular	(%)
Cardiovascular disease	130/187 (69.5)
cIMT abnormal	66/118 (55.9)
Familial cardiovascular disease	19/245 (7.7)
BMI: obesity	18/118 (15.2)
BMI: overweight	42/118 (35.6)
Physical activity	20/121 (16.5)
Abnormal waist-hip ratio	90/117 (76.9)

ACPA: anti-citrullinated protein antibodies; ANA: anti-nuclear antibodies; BMI: body mass index; cIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; DMARDs: disease modifying antirheumatic drugs; EAMs: extra-articular manifestations; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; m: months; MIC1: macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; SD: standard deviation; SS: Sjögren’s syndrome; y: years.
^&EAM is defined as the presence of at least one of the following: nodules, skin ulcerations, episcleritis, scleritis, vasculitis, neuropathy, pleural effusion, pulmonary nodules, or pulmonary hypertension.
^#It is defined as the presence of at least one of the following: type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, kidney disease, anemia, osteoporosis, depression, fibromyalgia, acid peptic disease, epilepsy, or infections (e.g., hepatitises A, B, and C, tuberculosis, or malaria).
^¥If patient had used at least one of the following: sulfasalazine, D-penicillamine, gold salts, and leflunomide.
If patient had used at least one of the following: chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine.
If patient had used at least one of the following: prednisolone, methylprednisolone, and deflazacort.
^€If patient had used at least one of the following: etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, abatacept, tocilizumab, and rituximab.
It was categorized as positive if any of the following variables were present: hypertension, coronary artery disease, occlusive arterial disease, carotid disease, or thrombosis.