Review Article
Harnessing the Microbiome to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy
| Toll-like receptor | Recognized PAMP/DAMP | Localization | Cellular expression | Therapeutic agonist |
| TLR3 | dsRNA | Endosome | Myeloid DC, B cells Intestinal epithelium | Poly(I:C) | TLR4 | LPS, heat shock proteins fibronectin, uric acid glycolipids, heparan sulfate | Plasma membrane | MΦ, myeloid DCs, mast cells Intestinal epithelium | LPS, MPL | TLR5 | Flagellin | Plasma membrane | MΦ, subset DC Epithelium, granulocytes | Flagellin | TLR7/8 | ssRNA | Endosome | MΦ, plasmacytoid DCs mast cells, B cells, myeloid DCs | Imiquimod Resiquimod | TLR9 | Unmethylated CpG-rich DNA | Endosome | MΦ, plasmacytoid DCs B cells | Unmethylated CpG |
|
|
Abbreviations: DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; DC, dendritic cell; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MPL, monophosphoryl lipid A; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; Poly(I:C), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA; TLR, toll-like receptor.
|