Immune-Stimulatory and Therapeutic Activity of Tinospora cordifolia: Double-Edged Sword against Salmonellosis

Figure 6

T. cordifolia opposes the effect of S. typhimurium and polarizes the macrophages towards M1. Treatment of macrophages with T. cordifolia results in the secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β characteristic of M1 macrophages.