Inflammation-Related Mechanisms in Chronic Kidney Disease Prediction, Progression, and Outcome

Figure 1

The pathway followed by the uremic metabolites (TMAO, p-cresyl sulfate, and indoxyl sulfate) in the setting of the uremic milieu, characteristic to CKD. The dysbiosis of gut microbiota contributes to the establishment of a proteolytic fermentation pattern, by enhancing the bacteria types that produce uremic toxins.