The Fate of Allogeneic Pancreatic Islets following Intraportal Transplantation: Challenges and Solutions

Table 2

Selected immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents used in islet transplantation.

Generic name	Trade name	Mechanism of action	Reference
Induction (depletion of T cell or inhibition of T cell activation)
Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)	Thymoglobulin	Polyclonal antibody, profound T cell depletion	[100]
Muromonab-CD3	Orthoclone OKT3	Anti-CD3 mAb, T cell depletion	[101]
Alemtuzumab	Campath; Lemtrada	Anti-CD52 mAb, T cell depletion	[102]
Basiliximab	Simulect	Anti-CD25 mAb IL-2 receptor antagonist	[103]
Daclizumab	Zenapax	Anti-CD25 mAb IL-2 receptor antagonist	[104]
Maintenance (inhibition of T cell activation and proliferation)
Azathioprine	Imurel	Purine synthesis inhibitor; Inhibition of T/B cell proliferation	[105]
Cyclosporine	Sandimmune; Neoral	Calcineurin inhibitor; Inhibition of T cell proliferation	[106]
Tacrolimus	Prograf; Advagraf	Calcineurin inhibitor; Inhibition of T cell proliferation	[94]
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)	CellCept	Purine synthesis inhibitor; Inhibition of T/B cell proliferation	[107]
Sirolimus	Rapamune	mTOR inhibitor, inhibits T/B cell proliferation	[108]
Everolimus	Zortress/Certican	mTOR inhibitor	[106]
Etanercept	Enbrel	TNF-α inhibitor	[106]
Anti-CD154-mAb		Blockage of CD40/CD154 T cell costimulation	[109]
Abatacept (CTLA4-Ig)	Orencia (1st generation)	Blockage of B7/CD28 T cell costimulation	[110]
Belatacept (CTLA4-Ig)	Nulojix (2nd generation)	Blockage of B7/CD28 T cell costimulation	[111]
Leflunomide	Arava; Lunava	Pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor, blockage of the proliferation of T/B cells	[112]
Anti-inflammation
Adalimumab	Humira	Anti-TNF α-mAb (human)	[113]
Infliximab	Remicade	Anti-TNF α-mAb (chimeric human-mouse)	[114]
Etanercept	Enbrel	Soluble TNF receptor fusion protein	[106]
Anakinra	Kineret	IL-1β receptor antagonist	[115]
A1AT (alpha-1 antitrypsin)		Reduction in inflammatory cytokines	[54]
SP600125 (JNK inhibitor)		Inhibition of the production of PIC	[116]

PIC = proinflammatory cytokines; mAb = monoclonal antibody; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; IL = interleukin.