Review Article
An Updated Review of the Molecular Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity
Table 3
Delayed-type drug hypersensitivity-related cytokines and chemokines.
| Phenotype | Cytokines/chemokines | Skin or blister | Plasma | PBMC | References |
| DRESS/DIHS | TNF-α | | + | | [160] | IFN-γ | + | + | + | [270–272] | IL-2 | | | + | [270] | IL-4 | | | + | [270] | IL-5 | | | + | [270] | IL-6 | | + | | [160] | IL-13 | | | + | [270] | IL-15 | | + | | [138] | TARC/CCL17 | | + | | [273] |
| SJS/TEN | TNF-α | + | + | + | [131, 138, 141–143, 274, 275] | IFN-γ | + | | + | [131, 142, 143, 274] | IL-2 | + | | + | [131, 143] | IL-5 | + | | | [143] | IL-6 | + | + | + | [143, 153, 154, 138] | IL-8/CXCL8 | | + | | [138] | IL-10 | + | + | + | [142, 153] | IL-12 | NS | | | [142] | IL-13 | + | | | [143] | IL-15 | NS | + | | [142, 138] | IL-18 | + | | | [142] | CCR3 | + | | | [143] | CXCR3 | + | | | [143] | CXCR4 | NS | | | [143] | CCR10 | | | + | [152] |
| AGEP | IL-8/CXCL8 | + | | | [145, 146] | IL-36 | + | | | [147, 148] | GM-CSF | | | + | [145] |
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AGEP: acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis; CCR: C–C chemokine receptor; CXCR: CX chemokine receptor; DIHS: drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome; DRESS: drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IL: interleukin; NS: not significant; SJS/TEN: Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.
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