The Macrophage Activator GcMAF-RF Enhances the Antitumor Effect of Karanahan Technology through Induction of M2–M1 Macrophage Reprogramming

Figure 1

Analysis of immune cell populations isolated from tumors of tumor-bearing mice and mice treated with Karanahan technology solely and in combination with group-specific macrophage activator (GcMAF-RF). (a) Cytological analysis of tumor smears. Tumor smears were prepared from residual detectable tumors selected isolated/obtained from groups of tumor-bearing mice and mice treated with Karanahan technology: (control group) the smear displays tumor cell clusters and occasional erythrocyte clusters, no other cellular elements were found; (experimental group) there are small amounts of viable tumor cells, a large number of erythrocytes and neutrophils are present in the field of view, a lot of mucus is seen on the smear. (a1) Scale bar = 100 µm; (a2) scale bar = 50 µm, tumor cells are pointed by the thick black arrow, red blood cells are pointed by the white arrow; (a3) –neutrophil clusters, scale bar = 100 µm; (a4) a neutrophil is pointed by the thin black arrow, scale bar = 50 µm. In the group of synergistic treatment with Karanahan technology in combination with GcMAF-RF, there is depletion of tumor cells and the presence of erythrocytes, other cellular elements of the blood are not detected. (b) Evaluation of the immune response induced by treatment with Karanahan technology and Karanahan + GcMAF-RF in mice with Lewis carcinoma. Content of CD11b+Ly-6G+ cells in tumors isolated from mice of experimental groups on day 15 after the beginning of the therapy relative to that in tumors isolated from untreated tumor-bearing mouse (indicated by a the red line). The black asterisk denotes the difference with control (tumor-bearing mouse); the hash denotes the difference between experimental Karanahan and Karanahan + GcMAF-RF groups. For all comparisons, the level of significance is χ². (c) Evaluation of the immune response (content of cell populations (CD11b+Ly-6C+) induced by the treatment with Karanahan and Karanahan + GcMAF-RF technologies in mice with Lewis carcinoma (statistically significant sample of experimental animals). The median content of cell populations (CD11b+Ly-6C+) in tumors isolated from mice of experimental groups on day 15 or 16 after the beginning of therapy relative to tumor-bearing mice (indicated by a the red line). Box and whisker plot; the black asterisk denotes the significant difference with control (tumor-bearing mice); the hash indicates the significant difference between experimental Karanahan and Karanahan + GcMAF-RF groups, ; Mann–Whitney U test. The assessment was carried out based on the results of two independent experiments.

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