Defining Boundaries for Ecosystem-Based Management: A Multispecies Case Study of Marine Connectivity across the Hawaiian Archipelago

Figure 1

Map of the Hawaiian Archipelago with major currents denoted: the North Hawaiian Ridge Current (NHRC), the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent (HLCC), and the Subtropical Countercurrent (SCC). The lines around the two regions of the archipelago highlight the islands, atolls, and banks protected within the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and the inhabited high islands of Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) with each of the 15 primary target areas for collection labeled. For purposes of this analysis, the islands of Lāna‘i, Maui & Moloka‘i are treated as a single site within the Maui Nui complex of the MHI. Listed from northwest to southeast, these are: Kure Atoll (Kānemiloha‘i), Midway Atoll (Pihemanu), Pearl and Hermes Reef (Holoikauaua), Lisianski (Papa‘āpoho), Laysan Island (Kauō), Maro Reef (Nalukākala), Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu), French Frigate Shoals (Mokupāpapa), Necker Island (Mokumanamana), Nihoa (Moku Manu), Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Maui Nui, and Hawai‘i.