Genetic Analyses and Simulations of Larval Dispersal Reveal Distinct Populations and Directional Connectivity across the Range of the Hawaiian Grouper (Epinephelus quernus)

Table 2

Number of specimens (N) collected from each location and diversity statistics for microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region: 𝐻_o: observed heterozygosity; 𝐻_e: expected heterozygosity; k: average number of alleles; 𝜋: nucleotide diversity. MtDNA data is from Rivera et al. [25].

Location	Microsatellites					mtDNA
	N	Ho	He	k	Allele richness	𝜋
Pearl & Hermes	27	0.758	0.717	7.5	5.23	3.407
Pioneer/Lisianski	30	0.723	0.728	7.9	5.37	6.956
Maro/N. Hampton	46	0.688	0.707	8.6	5.26	7.156
Gardner	20	0.695	0.680	7.1	5.34	8.489
Necker	30	0.634	0.703	7.9	5.32	5.515
Nihoa	44	0.689	0.720	8.3	5.40	5.701
Kaua‘i/Ni‘ihau	30	0.718	0.722	6.9	5.21	3.161
O‘ahu	9	0.767	0.730	5.6	5.57	3.444
Maui Nui	30	0.700	0.700	8.8	5.53	4.749
Hawai‘i	36	0.696	0.704	7.9	5.26	6.084