Genetic Analyses and Simulations of Larval Dispersal Reveal Distinct Populations and Directional Connectivity across the Range of the Hawaiian Grouper (Epinephelus quernus)

Table 3

Pairwise 𝐹_ST values for 8 microsatellite loci (below diagonal) and pairwise Φ_ST values for mtDNA control region sequences (above diagonal) for E. quernus between locations in the Hawaiian Archipelago. MtDNA data is from Rivera et al. [25]. Bolded numbers indicate significant values: *𝑃<.05, **𝑃<.01.

	Pearl & Hermes	Pioneer	Maro	Gardner	Necker	Nihoa	Kaua‘i	O‘ahu	Maui Nui	Hawai‘i
Pearl & Hermes		0.023 *	0.013	0.065 **	0.045 **	0.006	−0.015	−0.006	−0.002	0.017
Pioneer/Lisianski	−0.008		0.004	0.004	0.002	0.005	0.017	−0.022	0.004	−0.003
Maro/N Hampton	−0.010	−0.001		0.014	0.014 *	−0.003	−0.001	−0.022	0.001	−0.002
Gardner	−0.015	−0.012	0.000		−0.001	0.025 *	0.043 **	0.013	0.037 *	0.005 *
Necker	0.000	0.009 *	0.012 **	0.005		0.020 *	0.034 **	−0.001	0.030 *	0.001
Nihoa	−0.003	0.013 **	0.008 *	0.012 *	−0.001		−0.007	−0.023	−0.002	0.005
Kaua‘i/Ni‘ihau	−0.015	−0.002	0.004	−0.006	−0.001	0.004		−0.027	−0.008	0.009
O‘ahu	−0.011	−0.003	−0.009	−0.006	−0.003	−0.011	−0.002		−0.036	−0.020
Maui Nui	−0.008	0.008 *	−0.006	−0.003	0.003	−0.002	0.002	−0.022		0.008
Hawai‘i	−0.007	−0.003	−0.004	−0.017	−0.008	−0.006	−0.013	−0.015	−0.009