Gateways to Hawai‘i: Genetic Population Structure of the Tropical Sea Cucumber Holothuria atra

Table 3

Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for different population groupings. Beginning at the top, groupings are as follows: (1) by archipelago, (2) by archipelago with Hawaii divided between the Northwest Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI), (3) six groups chosen by BARRIER and (4) six groups chosen by SAMOVA.

Population groupings	Source of variation	% of Variation	Φ statistics
Okinawa; Ogasawara; Marshall	AG	32.14	ΦCT=0.321^∗
Islands; Hawaiian Archipelago +	AP(G)	8.9	ΦSC=0.131^∗
Johnston Atoll; Line Islands	WP	58.96
Okinawa; Ogasawara; Marshall	AG	30.94	ΦCT=0.309^∗
Islands; MHI; NWHI + Johnston Atoll;	AP(G)	5.47	ΦSC=0.0793^∗
Line Islands	WP	63.58
Okinawa; Ogasawara; Marshall	AG	32.59	ΦCT=0.326^∗
Islands; MHI + Kingman; NWHI +	AP(G)	4.48	ΦSC=0.066^∗
Johnston Atoll; Palmyra + Jarvis	WP	62.93
Okinawa; Ogasawara + Kwajalein +	AG	37.35	ΦCT=0.373^∗
Palmyra; Jarvis + Majuro; Hilo +	AP(G)	2.02	ΦSC=0.032^∗
Oahu + Kauai; All Others	WP	60.63

AG = Among groups, AP(G) = Among populations within Groups, WP = Within populations. ^∗𝑃<0.0001.