Differences in Reef Fish Assemblages between Populated and Remote Reefs Spanning Multiple Archipelagos Across the Central and Western Pacific

Table 1

Study Areas, Regions, and Status. MNM: Marine National Monument. NWR: US Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuge. Shaded areas are those classified as remote. 𝑁: no. of sites surveyed.

Reef-area	𝑁	Lat	Long	Human Pop^1	Area of Reef^2 (km^2)	Pop/km^2 Reef	𝑃/𝑅	Notes
Hawaiian archipelago
Kure	13	−178.33	28.42	0	90.2	0	𝑅	Papahānaumokuākea MNM established 06/2006; From 09/2005 NWHI Marine Refuge (state of Hawaii) banned extraction of reef fishes except by permit (mostly for research) at all islands other than Midway. Midway a NWR since 1988
Midway	8	−177.38	28.23	∼60	85.4	∼0.7	𝑅
Pearl & Hermes	20	−175.85	27.86	0	374.5	0	𝑅
Lisianski	14	−173.95	26.01	0	215.6	0	𝑅
Laysan	11	−171.73	25.78	0	26.4	0	𝑅
Maro	12	−170.58	25.41	0	217.5	0	𝑅
French Frigate	12	−166.21	23.79	0	469.4	0	𝑅
Kauai	24	−159.57	22.09	58,303	178.8	326.1	𝑃
Niihau-Lehua	20	−160.15	21.90	160	6.7	23.9	𝑃
Oahu	14	−158.00	21.49	876,151	374.8	2,337.6	𝑃
Molokai	16	−157.09	21.14	7,404	161.6	45.8	𝑃
Lanai	16	−156.92	20.82	3,193	46.3	69.0	𝑃
Maui	34	−156.40	20.82	117,644	164.6	714.7	𝑃
Hawaii	62	−155.42	19.53	148,677	193.7	767.6	𝑃
Mariana archipelago
Farallon de Pajaros	7	144.89	20.55	0	0.8	0	𝑅	Mariana Trench MNM, containing Asuncion, Maug, and Farallon de Pajaros, established 01/2009
Maug	21	145.22	20.02	0	2.1	0	𝑅
Asuncion	13	145.40	19.69	0	0.5	0	𝑅
Agrihan	14	145.66	18.76	0	8.6	0	𝑅	Several were populated prior to volcanic activity in recent past (e.g., at Pagan in 1981). Alamagan population low but variable in recent years
Pagan	21	145.76	18.11	0	11.1	0	𝑅
Alamagan	6	145.83	17.60	6	3.2	1.9	𝑅
Guguan	6	145.84	17.31	0	1.1	0	𝑅
Sarigan	7	145.78	16.71	0	1.9	0	𝑅
Saipan	22	145.75	15.19	62,392	56.8	1,098.5	𝑃
Tinian	14	145.63	14.99	3,540	14.7	240.7	𝑃
Aguijan	6	145.55	14.85	0	2.6	0	𝑃
Rota	14	145.21	14.16	3,283	12.1	271.3	𝑃
Guam	25	144.79	13.46	154,805	91.3	1,695.6	𝑃
Pacific remote island areas (PRIA)—all within PRIA MNM (established 01/2009)
Wake	29	166.62	19.30	∼100	22.9	∼4.4	𝑅	US Air Force base
Johnston	11	−169.52	16.74	0	150.1	0	𝑅	Marine waters in NWR since 2004
Kingman	26	−162.38	6.40	0	20.9	0	𝑅	NWR Jan 2001 to 12 nautical miles (nm)
Palmyra	66	−162.10	5.54	∼10–20	47.2	0.2–0.4	𝑅
Howland	26	−176.62	0.80	0	3.0	0	𝑅	NWR 1974 -to 3 nm
Baker	25	−176.48	0.20	0	5.2	0	𝑅
Jarvis	49	−160.00	−0.37	0	3.0	0	𝑅
American Samoa
Swains	41	−171.08	−11.06	37	2.4	15.4	𝑅	Human pop ∼10 in recent years
Ofu & Olosega	43	−169.65	−14.17	505	3.6	140.3	𝑃
Tau	36	−169.47	−14.24	380	3.8	100.0	𝑃
Tutuila	171	−170.70	−14.30	55,876	35.8	1,560.8	𝑃
Rose	46	−168.16	−14.55	0	7.9	0	𝑅	RA MNM est. 01/09. NWR since 1973

Notes. (1) Population data from US Census 2000 (http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html) [21]; (2) area from shoreline to 10 fathom line [24].