Phylogeography of the Pacific Blueline Surgeonfish, Acanthurus nigroris, Reveals High Genetic Connectivity and a Cryptic Endemic Species in the Hawaiian Archipelago

Table 5

Surveys of intraspecific genetic structure (Φ_𝑆𝑇 or 𝐹_𝑆𝑇) in reef fishes sampled within the entire Hawaiian archipelago (i.e., Main Hawaiian Islands and Northwest Hawaiian Islands). Species common (and scientific) name, marker type (and mtDNA gene or number of nuclear loci), genetic structure, ecological differences (pelagic larval duration, PLD; Habitat type) between the study species, and references are listed here.

Species	Marker type	Genetic; structure?	Genetic; break	Global; (or pairwise); ΦST or 𝐹ST	𝑃 value	PLD (days)	Reproduction	Habitat type	Reference
Bigscale soldierfish; (Myripristis berndti)	mtDNA (Cyt b)	No	N/a	0.00040	>0.05	55	N/a	Subtidal reef; flats to outer; reef slopes	Craig; et al. [36]
Blueline surgeonfish; (Acanthurus nigroris)	mtDNA (Cyt b)	No	N/a	0.011	0.073	55 to 60	Group,; broadcast; spawning	Reef and; rubble (1 to 90 m)	This study
Blue-striped butterflyfish; (Chaetodon fremblii)	mtDNA (Cyt b)	No	N/a	−0.014	0.41	N/a	Pair,; broadcast; spawning	Shallow reef	Craig; et al. [37]
Brown surgeonfish; (Acanthurus nigrofuscus)	mtDNA (Cyt b)	No	N/a	−0.0060	>0.05	55 to 60	Broadcast; spawning	Reef and; rubble	Eble et al.; [38]
Hawaiian gregory; (Stegastes fasciolatus)	Allozymes (8)	No	N/a	0.0010 to 0.0050	N/a	25	Demersal; eggs	Reef and; rock	Shaklee; and; Samollow; [129]
Hawaiian gregory; (Stegastes fasciolatus)	mtDNA (control)	Yes	NWHI; versus MHI	0.093 to 0.10	<0.05	25	Demersal; eggs	Reef and; rock	Ramon; et al. [130]
Hawaiian grouper; (Epinephelus quernus)	mtDNA (control)	Yes	NWHI; versus MHI	−0.007 to 0.043	0.01	40	Group,; broadcast; spawning	Reef and; rubble	Rivera; et al. [131]
Milletseed butterflyfish; (Chaetodon miliaris)	mtDNA (Cyt b)	No	N/a	−0.0050	0.66	N/a	Group,; broadcast; spawning	Shallow reef	Craig et al.; [37]
Milkfish (Chanos chanos)	Allozymes (9)	Yes	Oahu; versus Hawaii	0.000080 to 0.0041	N/a	14 to 21	Group,; broadcast; spawning	Shallow; reef/; estuarine; (1 to 30 m)	Winans [87]
Pebbled butterflyfish (Chaetodon multicinctus)	mtDNA (Cyt b)	No	N/a	−0.0080	0.82	N/a	Pair,; broadcast; spawning	Shallow reef	Craig et al.; [37]
Pink snapper (Pristipomoides filamentosus)	Allozymes (5)	No	N/a	0.0010 to 0.011	N/a	60 to 120	Group,; broadcast; spawning	Reef and; rock (180 to 270 m)	Shaklee; and; Samollow; [129]
Spotted surgeonfish (Ctenochaetus strigosus)	mtDNA (Cyt b)	Yes	P and H and; Maro versus rest; of islands	0.034 to 0.074	0.041 to 0.008	55 to 60	Group/pair,; broadcast; spawning	Shallow reef	Eble et al.; [38]
Undulated moray (Gymnothorax undulatus)	mtDNA (Cyt b and COI)	Yes	Maro; versus Hawaii; and Oahu	0.060 to 0.10	<0.05	Up to 730	Pair mating	Reef and; rock (1 to 100 m)	Reece; et al. [88]
White-spotted damselfish (Dascyllus albisella)	mtDNA (control)	Yes	NWHI; versus MHI	0.033 to 0.72	<0.05	27	Pair,; broadcast; spawning	Shallow reef	Ramon; et al. [130]
Yellow-edged moray (Gymnothorax flavimarginatus)	mtDNA (Cyt b and COI)	No	N/a	−0.070 to 0.030	>0.05	Up to 730	Pair mating	Reef and; rock (1 to 100 m)	Reece et al.; [88]
Yellow tang (Zebrasoma flavescens)	mtDNA (Cyt b)	Yes	Hawaii	0.077 to 0.17	0.034 to 0.001	55 to 60	Group,; broadcast; spawning	Reef and; rubble (1 to 80 m)	Eble et al.; [38]
Yellow tang (Zebrasoma flavescens)	Microsatellite (14)	Yes	Multiple	−0.010 to 0.042	<0.001	55 to 60	Group,; broadcast; spawning	Reef and; rubble (1 to 80 m)	Eble et al.; [132]

Abbreviations: MHI: Main Hawaiian Islands; NWHI: Northwest Hawaiian Islands; P and H: Pearl and Hermes Reef.