Epidemiology and Virulence Determinants including Biofilm Profile of Candida Infections in an ICU in a Tertiary Hospital in India

Table 1

Analysis of potential risk factors found for Candida infection in ICU patients.

Continuous variables; (mean ± SD)	Controls^a; (𝑛=70, 56%)	Candidemia; (𝑛=10, 8.7%)	𝑃 value	Candidiasis/colonization; (𝑛=45, 36%)	𝑃 value
Age (years)	36±16.4	37±17.6	0.85	37±16.56	0.75
Length of hospital stay (days)	9.7±13.8	7.8±4.7	0.66	9.4±13.9	0.99
Categorical variables; (number)	Controls^a; (%) 𝑛=70	Candidemia; (%) 𝑛=10	𝑃 value	Candidiasis/colonization; (%) 𝑛=45	𝑃 value
Surgery (73)	42 (60%)	6 (60%)	1	27 (67.5%)	1
Trauma (28)	18 (11.4%)	2 (20%)	0.69	9 (20%)	0.63
Pneumonia (17)	08 (11.4%)	3 (30%)	0.2	9 (20%)	0.32
Neurological (12)	08 (11.4%)	0 (0)	NA	4 (8.9%)	0.90
Malignancy (9)	5 (7.14%)	1 (10%)	0.5	4 (8.9%)	0.73
TB (10)	3 (4.28%)	0 (0)	NA	5 (11.1%)	0.25
Renal failure (3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA	3 (6.67%)	NA
Heart disease (2)	1 (1.42%)	0 (0)	NA	1 (2.2%)	1
Anemia (1)	1 (1.42%)	0 (0)	NA	0 (0)	NA
Burns (1)	1 (1.42%)	0 (0)	NA	0 (0)	NA
Peritonitis (23)	09 (12.85%)	1 (10%)	1	12 (26.67%)	0.019
Multiple organ (18) system involvement	3 (4.28%)	1 (10%)	0.4	15 (33.3%)	0.001
Indwelling devices (100)	35 (50%)	10 (100%)	NA	45 (100%)	NA
Prolonged antibiotic therapy (78)	40 (57.14%)	8 (80%)	0.3	33 (73%)	0.08
Duration of stay >1 week in ICU (34)	11 (15.71%)	3 (30%)	0.5	21 (46.6%)	0.005
Use of immunosuppressants (32)	13 (18.57%)	2 (20%)	0.9	18 (40%)	0.020
Diabetes mellitus (25)	10 (14.28%)	4 (40%)	0.11	14 (31.1%)	0.05
Smoking (15)	9 (12.85%)	2 (20%)	0.9	6 (13.3%)	0.9

Controls^a: patients admitted to the same ICU with no Candidemia.
Significant 𝑃 values (𝑃≤0.05) are indicated in bold. NA: not applicable.