In the present work, different methods were used to determine the effective atomic numbers of some low-<i>Z</i> materials, namely, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), Perspex (PX), polycarbonate (PC), nylon 6-6 (PA-6), plaster of Paris (POP), and TH/L2. These methods are the direct method, the interpolation method, Auto-<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.37757pt" id="M1" height="12.5226pt" version="1.1" viewBox="0 -9.14503 19.5405 12.5226" width="19.5405pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-91" d="M669 636L663 650H260C230 650 221 652 208 675H186C177 621 162 548 144 481L173 479C195 534 211 560 226 578C248 604 266 615 373 615H544C460 511 114 112 23 16L31 0H561C577 34 611 135 622 170L594 182C566 125 544 88 515 65C481 38 416 35 319 35C249 35 197 37 152 41C270 184 542 501 669 636Z"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="692" vert-adv-y="692"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,9.308,3.264)"><path id="g190-102" d="M380 106C343 72 306 56 265 56C195 56 116 112 115 248C235 252 361 262 377 265C396 269 400 277 400 297C400 374 333 449 250 449H249C198 449 144 421 103 376S37 269 37 201C37 88 109 -12 232 -12C263 -12 332 6 395 84L380 106ZM225 412C281 412 315 364 314 312C314 297 308 292 290 292C232 290 176 289 120 289C135 370 180 412 225 412Z"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="425" vert-adv-y="425"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,13.338,3.264)"><path id="g190-155" d="M99 437H52L25 408L28 397H99V104C99 38 91 32 32 26V0H246V25C185 32 178 38 178 104V397H365V104C365 38 358 32 303 25V0H526V25C451 32 444 37 444 104V397H555C565 404 568 428 563 437H444V471C443 562 453 609 466 629C476 647 492 661 518 661C551 661 581 639 600 620C609 611 619 612 629 620C637 626 647 636 650 644C654 654 654 666 645 677C627 697 597 710 564 712C521 707 476 686 432 642C412 664 374 688 316 690C269 685 230 668 190 636C139 596 120 551 111 525C104 505 99 477 99 449V437ZM365 437H178V461C178 537 192 580 209 605C223 627 245 648 283 648C336 648 374 615 394 585C384 566 378 550 374 533C369 516 365 488 365 456V437Z"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="561" vert-adv-y="561"></glyph.data></g></svg> software, and single value XMuDat computer program. Some of the results obtained were compared with experimental data wherever possible. It can be concluded from this work that the effective atomic numbers calculated with the direct, the interpolation and Auto-<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.37757pt" id="M2" height="12.5226pt" version="1.1" viewBox="0 -9.14503 19.5405 12.5226" width="19.5405pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-91"></use><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="692" vert-adv-y="692"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,9.308,3.264)"><use xlink:href="#g190-102"></use><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="425" vert-adv-y="425"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,13.338,3.264)"><use xlink:href="#g190-155"></use><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="561" vert-adv-y="561"></glyph.data></g></svg> methods demonstrate a good agreement in Compton scattering and pair production energy regions. A large difference in the effective atomic numbers calculated by the direct and the interpolation methods of low-<i>Z</i> materials was also observed in photoelectric and pair production regions. It was determined that PE, PS, PX, and PA-6 were equivalent to adipose and muscle; POP was equivalent to cortical bone; TH/L2 was equivalent to thyroid tissue; PP was equivalent to yellow bone marrow and adipose tissues; PC was equivalent to spongiosa.

Vishwanath P. Singh

N. M. Badiger

Nil Kucuk

Determination of Effective Atomic Numbers Using Different Methods for Some Low-<i>Z</i> Materials

The Nigerian Research Reactor-1 was employed in the analysis of iodine in local food samples at an operating flux of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3625994pt" id="M1" height="12.4407pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -12.0781 53.1187 12.4407" width="53.1187pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,6.503,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.592,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,19.124,0)"><path id="g117-42" d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,30.104,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,36.607,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,43.159,-5.984)"><path id="g50-50" d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,47.778,-5.984)"><use xlink:href="#g50-50"/></g></svg>&#x2009;ncm<sup>&#x2212;2</sup>&#x2009;s<sup>&#x2212;1</sup>. Preconcentration neutron activation analysis (PCNAA) was compared against the most common spectroscopic (Sandell-Kolthoff reaction) technique, giving a concentration range of 0.295 to 2.960&#x2009;mg/Kg and 0.264 to 2.725&#x2009;mg/Kg, respectively, with an average percentage deviation of 11.34&#x25; and a positive correlation between the methods at 0.89. PCNAA and Sandell-Kolthoff spectroscopy of NIST 1548a reported values of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" id="M2" height="9.06134pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 66.0319 9.06134" width="66.0319pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,6.503,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.592,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,16.098,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.601,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,32.133,0)"><path id="g117-37" d="M535 290V340H323V533H265V340H52V290H265V84H323V290H535ZM535 -22V28H52V-22H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.114,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,49.617,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.706,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,59.209,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g></svg>&#x2009;mg/Kg and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" id="M3" height="9.06134pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 66.0319 9.06134" width="66.0319pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,6.503,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.592,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-56"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,16.098,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.601,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,32.132,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.113,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,49.616,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.705,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,59.208,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg> with Student&#x2019;s <i>t</i>-test score of 1 and 0.95 and percentage standard deviation of 0 and 1.12&#x25;, respectively.

T. Muhammad

A. Uzairu

M. S. Sallau

M. O. A. Oladipo

Determination of the Iodine Content of Some Commonly Consumed Foods in Zaria Metropolis, Nigeria, Using PCNAA and Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction

Tetravalent uranium readily undergoes hydrolysis even in highly acidic aqueous solutions. In the present work, solutions ranging from 0.4 to 19 mM (total U) concentration (<svg style="vertical-align:-3.27599pt;width:77.212502px;" id="M1" height="15.25" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 77.212502 15.25" width="77.212502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.931,11.112)"><path id="x3C" d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.634,11.112)"><path id="x70" d="M169 380l92 53q26 16 49 16q80 0 128.5 -56t48.5 -133q0 -108 -72.5 -180.5t-176.5 -91.5q-38 1 -69 18v-131q0 -57 13 -70t71 -18v-27h-236v27q49 5 61 17t12 61v452q0 48 -9.5 58.5t-56.5 16.5v24q66 11 145 43v-79zM169 346v-270q37 -39 94 -39q63 0 101.5 50&#xA;t38.5 134q0 78 -38.5 123t-95.5 45q-45 0 -100 -43z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,36.542,11.112)"><path id="x48" d="M729 650v-28q-62 -5 -76 -19.5t-14 -75.5v-404q0 -62 13.5 -76t75.5 -19v-28h-268v28q65 5 79.5 19t14.5 76v199h-341v-199q0 -62 14 -76t76 -19v-28h-263v28q61 5 74.5 19t13.5 76v404q0 62 -14 76t-76 19v28h259v-28q-58 -5 -71 -19t-13 -76v-162h341v162&#xA;q0 61 -13.5 75.5t-72.5 19.5v28h261z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.289,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3C" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,68.992,11.112)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g></svg>) are carefully investigated by light scattering technique with special emphasis on polymerization leading to colloid formation. The results clearly indicate that the concentration has significant effect on particle size as well as stability of colloids. With increasing concentration the size of colloids formed is smaller due to more crystalline nature of the colloids. Stability of colloids formed at lower concentration is greater than that of colloids formed at higher concentration. Weight average molecular weight of the freshly prepared and colloidal polymers aged for 3 days is determined from the Debye plot. It increases from 1,800 to 13,000 Da. 40–50 atoms of U are considered to be present in the polymer. Positive value of second virial coefficient shows that solute-solvent interaction is high leading to stable suspension. The results of this work are a clear indication that U(IV) hydrolysis does not differ from hydrolysis of Pu(IV).

N. Priyadarshini

M. Sampath

Shekhar Kumar

U. Kamachi Mudali

R. Natarajan

Probing Uranium(IV) Hydrolyzed Colloids and Polymers by Light Scattering

Solidified cured cement blocks containing different concentrations of the borate waste simulate were impregnated using methyl methacrylate monomer having 0.3&#x25; by weight benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Then, the polymerization process was completed by heating the impregnated blocks at <i>&#x2248;</i>40&#xb0;C. To define the suitability, range of applicability, and compatibility of the inert matrix used, relevant to the borate waste immobilized, the final radioactive borate waste forms are evaluated on the basis of their mechanical and chemical properties. Some factors that may affect the characterization of the obtained final waste form, for example, concentration of the incorporated borate waste solution simulate, aging of the solid waste form, before immersion, immersion in various leachants, and time of immersion, were followed systematically. It could be stated that cement-poly(methylmethacrylate) composite exhibited better mechanical and chemical characters compared to the cement as a unique matrix for immobilization of borate waste concentrates.

H. M. Saleh

H. A. Shatta

Immobilization of Simulated Borate Radioactive Waste Solution in Cement-Poly(methylmethacrylate) Composite: Mechanical and Chemical Characterizations

This paper examines the crystal structure of radium sulphate and compares its structure to barium sulphate, strontium sulphate, and lead sulphate. The radium sulphate powder was measured by both  powder X-ray diffraction and EXAFS. The unit cell was determined to be orthorhombic, belonging to the <i  >Pnma</i> (no. 62) space group with the cell parameters <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:56.5px;" id="M1" height="11.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 56.5 11.175" width="56.5"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>&#x2009;&#xc5;, and <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:76.837502px;" id="M4" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 76.837502 11.375" width="76.837502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D449" d="M730 650l-8 -28q-52 -4 -72 -18t-64 -77q-79 -113 -321 -539h-33l-119 541q-13 59 -29.5 73t-66.5 20l7 28h245l-8 -28l-28 -5q-33 -6 -40.5 -15.5t-0.5 -38.5l102 -450h2q191 320 246 430q21 42 15.5 56t-43.5 19l-31 4l7 28h240z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,17.384,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,32.088,11.112)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.248,11.112)"><path id="x36" d="M137 343l67 33q37 17 63 17q79 0 129.5 -53t50.5 -131q0 -92 -58 -156.5t-147 -64.5t-147 68t-58 182q0 63 17 119t43 95.5t61.5 72t69 52t67.5 31.5q62 22 128 33l6 -32q-56 -11 -108 -35q-149 -71 -184 -231zM227 337q-47 0 -95 -27q-6 -23 -6 -70q0 -93 36 -155.5&#xA;t96 -62.5q53 0 78 45.5t25 105.5q0 68 -35 116t-99 48z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,48.407,11.112)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,56.566,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,60.442,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,68.601,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;&#xc5;<sup  >3</sup>. These data support the fact that radium sulphate is isostructural with barium, strontium, and lead sulphate. The bond distances were determined using EXAFS. The mean Ra&#x2013;O and S&#x2013;O bond distances were found to be 2.96(2)&#x2009;&#xc5; and 1.485(8)&#x2009;&#xc5;, respectively, and the Ra&#x2013;O&#x2013;S bond angle was <svg     style="vertical-align:-2.3205pt;width:49.5625px;" id="M5" height="15.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.5625 15.825" width="49.5625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,44.462,4.712)"><path id="x2218" d="M326 255q0 -56 -41 -96t-99 -40t-99 40t-41 96t41 96t99 40t99 -40t41 -96zM274 255q0 38 -25.5 65t-62.5 27t-62.5 -27t-25.5 -65t25.5 -65t62.5 -27t62.5 27t25.5 65z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>. Findings of EXAFS data are quite consistent and support the XRD data.  These findings show that it is possible for radium to coprecipitate with barium, strontium, and lead in sulphate media to form a substitutional solid solution.

Hanna Hedstr&#xf6;m

Ingmar Persson

Gunnar Skarnemark

Christian Ekberg

Characterization of Radium Sulphate

This study presents the results of systematic experiments on tritium (<sup  >3</sup>H) concentrations in ground level air against those in rainwater near a pressurized heavy water reactor in a tropical region. The samples were collected over the rainy season of year 2011 from eight locations in the environment around Narora Atomic Power Station. The specific activity ratio of <sup  >3</sup>H between rainwater and air moisture at ground level was calculated for each data set. The average specific activity ratio was found to be ranged from 0.12 to 1.1. A correlation (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:61.412498px;" id="M1" height="16.049999" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 61.412498 16.049999" width="61.412498"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.775)"><path id="x1D45F" d="M393 379q-9 -16 -28 -29q-15 -10 -23 -2q-19 19 -36 19q-21 0 -52 -38q-57 -72 -82 -126l-40 -197q-23 -3 -75 -18l-7 7q49 196 74 335q7 43 -2 43q-7 0 -30 -14.5t-47 -37.5l-16 23q37 42 82 73t67 31q41 0 15 -113l-11 -50h4q41 71 85 117t77 46q29 0 45 -26&#xA;q13 -21 0 -43z" /></g>

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</svg> to 0.76, <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:66.875px;" id="M2" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 66.875 11.375" width="66.875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><path id="x3C" d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.64,11.112)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>) was observed between the total rain hours in a day and the rainwater <sup  >3</sup>H activity. Higher rain duration with slower rain rate yielded higher <sup  >3</sup>H concentrations as more time was available for the scavenging/wash-out process to take effect together with lower dilution. Annual tritium (HTO) wet deposition has been measured and calculated for the year 2011 within 0.8&#x2009;km distance from 145&#x2009;m high stack of Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS) at nine locations in different directions. The range of deposition velocity, <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:21.8375px;" id="M3" height="15.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 21.8375 15.4" width="21.8375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">


			


						


									<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D449" d="M730 650l-8 -28q-52 -4 -72 -18t-64 -77q-79 -113 -321 -539h-33l-119 541q-13 59 -29.5 73t-66.5 20l7 28h245l-8 -28l-28 -5q-33 -6 -40.5 -15.5t-0.5 -38.5l102 -450h2q191 320 246 430q21 42 15.5 56t-43.5 19l-31 4l7 28h240z" /></g>



									<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.675,15.187)"><path id="x1D464" d="M689 332q0 -81 -40 -161.5t-103.5 -131.5t-127.5 -51q-32 0 -58.5 16t-40.5 46q-70 -62 -139 -62q-45 0 -77.5 30t-32.5 86q0 8 7 52q11 77 45 187q6 19 6 34q0 6 -7 6q-24 0 -78 -64l-20 23q32 48 73 77t78 29q32 0 32 -43q0 -30 -12 -73q-27 -95 -38 -152&#xA;q-8 -44 -8 -58q0 -77 68 -77q31 0 60 33.5t39 77.5l62 260l75 16l5 -6l-63 -246q-8 -29 -8 -58q0 -77 68 -77q66 0 116 75.5t50 194.5q0 43 -12 57q-11 12 -11 24q0 19 15 35.5t34 16.5q18 0 30.5 -34.5t12.5 -81.5z" /></g>



						


			


</svg> (m&#x000B7;s<sup  >&#x2212;1</sup>), at nine locations for the years 2011 is found to be from 4.43<i  >E</i>&#x2009;&#x2212;&#x2009;04 to 6.42<i  >E</i>&#x2009;&#x2212;&#x2009;03. The average value for wet deposition velocity <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:21.8375px;" id="M4" height="15.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 21.8375 15.4" width="21.8375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">


			


						


									<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D449"/></g>



									<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.675,15.187)"><use xlink:href="#x1D464"/></g>



						


			


</svg> for NAPS site is estimated as 3.17<i  >E</i>&#x2009;&#x2212;&#x2009;03&#x2009;m&#x000B7;s<sup  >&#x2212;1</sup>.

Y. P. Gautam

Saivajay Sharma

A. K. Sharma

Aviansh Kumar

P. M. Ravi

P. K. Sarkar

Studies on the Rain Scavenging Process of Tritium in a Tropical Site at Narora in India

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Journal of Nuclear Chemistry