Abstract
The traveling wave solution for the ZK-BBM equation is considered, which is governed by a nonlinear ODE system. The bifurcation structure of fixed points and bifurcation phase portraits with respect to the wave speed c are analyzed by using the dynamical system theory. Furthermore, the exact solutions of the homoclinic orbits for the nonlinear ODE system are obtained which corresponds to the solitary wave solution curve of the ZK-BBM equation.
1. Introduction
Nonlinear dispersive equations are important models to describe a lot of physical phenomena and engineering problems. Among all the nonlinear phenomena exhibited by the systems, the solitary wave is one of the most interesting motions, which is a special wave related to many physical and mathematical problems such as turbulence and chaos. But it is usually not a simple work to find the solitary wave in a nonlinear dispersive equation. Several methods have been introduced to find a solitary wave in those equations, such as the tanh-sech method, the sine-cosine algorithm, the homogeneous balance method, and the inverse scattering method. See [1–3] for details.
Among all the nonlinear dispersive systems, the KdV equation and the dissipative Burgers equation have been paid more attention by many authors and their general wave solution and the solitary wave solution have been well discussed. See [4, 5] for details. Some general forms of the KdV equation have also been introduced. In 1972, the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation has been proposed as a model for propagation of long waves, where the nonlinear dispersion is incorporated. See [6] for details. Its assumption is similar to KdV equation and the model is as follows: In 1974, Zakharov and Kuznetsov proposed an equation to govern the behavior of weakly nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in plasma comprising cold ions and hot isothermal electrons. See [7] for details. The ZK equation is In 2005, Wazwaz structured an equation by combining the BBM equation with the ZK equations, that is, the ZK-BBM equation: The dynamics of the ZK-BBM equation has been discussed and the existence of the solitary wave has been considered in that paper. But the exact solutions of the solitary wave are still unknown, which would be more important to find out other dynamics of the ZK-BBM equation.
In the paper, we will attempt to find the solitary wave in the ZK-BBM equation. The traveling wave for this equation, , is considered in this study, which is governed by a nonlinear ODE system, whose homoclinic orbit is just the solitary wave of the ZK-BBM equation. The bifurcation structure of this dynamical system is discussed for the wave speed . Then, the dynamics of the ZK-BBM equation is discussed and the explicit expressions of the solitary wave solutions are obtained.
This paper is arranged as follows. In Section 2, the governed equation for the traveling wave for the ZK-BBM equation is introduced and the Hamiltonian structure of the system is considered. In Section 3, the solitary wave for the ZK-BBM equation with is considered. In Section 4, the solitary wave for the ZK-BBM equation with is discussed and the conclusion of this study is summarized in Section 5.
2. Traveling Wave Solution
Assume that the nonlinear ZK-BBM equation admits a traveling wave solution in form , , where the wave speed is constant. Equation (4) becomes Integrating (5), we get where is the integration constant. Letting , we get the following planar system: Obviously, (7) is a Hamiltonian system with energy function: where is the integration constant.
3. The Solitary Wave with
When the constant , system (7) reduces to the following system: This equation has two fixed points at and . Denote , . By the linearized stability theory, we obtain the following conclusions.
Lemma 1. For , system (9) has two fixed points, whose stability with respect to the wave speed is given by the following.(i)When , is the saddle point and is a center point.(ii)When , and are a degenerate saddle point.(iii)When , is a center point and is a saddle point.
The bifurcation phase portraits of system (9) are shown in Figure 1.
3.1. The Homoclinic Orbit of Saddle Point When
By the above analysis, system (9) exhibits a homoclinic orbit connecting to saddle point . By (8), we obtain where , , and is another crossover point of and axis .
Using the ODE with the initial condition , we obtain the integral form of the homoclinic orbit as follows: Owing to , we get integral curve of the homoclinic orbit as It corresponds to the solitary wave of ZK-BBM equation. Thus, we obtain Theorem 2.
Theorem 2. For the wave speed , the solitary wave curve of (4) is where , and wave crest is .
3.2. The Homoclinic Orbit of Saddle Point When
By the bifurcation analysis, system (9) exhibits a homoclinic orbit connecting to saddle point in this case. By (8), we obtain where , , , and is another crossover point of and axis .
Similarly, we obtain the integral form of the homoclinic orbit as follows:
In order to obtain solution of (15), we need to find a transformation to transform to by rational linear transformation , where .
Substituting rational linear transformation into (17) and comparing its coefficient with that in (16), we get five relationships:
Lemma 3. The conversion conditions of transforming (16) to (17) are The rational linear transformation is then obtained, where , , and . The parameters of transformation are , , and , where and can be chosen freely.
It is easy to examine that the coefficients of in (15) satisfy the conversion condition (19). Furthermore, set and . The transformation is obtained as . Equation (15) becomes It corresponds to the solitary wave curve of ZK-BBM equation. So we have Theorem 4.
Theorem 4. For the wave speed , the solitary wave curve of (4) is where , and the wave crest is .
4. The Solitary Wave with
The bifurcation of phase portraits of system (7) in this case is considered firstly. Denote . System (7) does not have fixed point when ; it has only one fixed point when ; it has two fixed points and when , where . By the linearized stability theory, we obtain the following conclusions.
Lemma 5. For , system (7) has two fixed points, whose stability with respect to the wave speed is given by the following.(i)When , is the saddle point and is a center point.(ii)When and , and are a degenerate saddle point.(iii)When , is a center point and is a saddle point.
The bifurcation phase portraits of system (7) are shown in Figure 2 (where we denote ).
By the bifurcation analysis, system (7) exhibits a homoclinic orbit connecting to saddle point . By (8), we obtain where , , , and is another crossover point of and axis . Using the ODE with the initial condition , we obtain the integral form of the homoclinic orbit as follows:
It is easy to examine that the coefficients of in (23) satisfy the conversion conditions (19). Set and . The transformation is obtained as . Equation (23) becomes It corresponds to the solitary wave curve of ZK-BBM equation. So we have Theorem 6.
Theorem 6. For the wave speed or , the solitary wave curve of (4) is where wave crest is .
5. Conclusion
In this paper, the traveling wave for ZK-BBM equation is considered. The bifurcation phase portraits of nonlinear system governing the traveling wave were studied with respect to the wave speed . All kinds of homoclinic orbits are obtained explicitly for some parameter conditions. Thus, we obtained the exact solitary wave solutions of ZK-BBM equation. In the same time, we give the wave crest value in the different case of wave speed .
It is valuable to point out that the method used in this paper can be widely applied to other nonlinear equations with the similar types. We provide the idea to handle complex integral in order to get the exact solution of homoclinic orbits. Therefore, it lays the foundation for studying the chaotic conditions of ZK-BBM equation in the future.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.