The Progress of Photoluminescent Properties of Rare-Earth-Ions-Doped Phosphate One-Dimensional Nanocrystals

Yu, Lixin; Liu, Hai

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/461309

Journal of Nanomaterials

On this page

Abstract Introduction References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

1D Nanomaterials

View this Special Issue

Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2010 | Article ID 461309 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/461309

The Progress of Photoluminescent Properties of Rare-Earth-Ions-Doped Phosphate One-Dimensional Nanocrystals

Lixin Yu¹and Hai Liu¹

Academic Editor: Renzhi Ma

Received05 Nov 2009

Accepted03 Mar 2010

Published06 Jun 2010

Abstract

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, such as tubes, wires, rods, and belts, have aroused remarkable attentions over the past decade due to a great deal of potential applications, such as data storage, advanced catalyst, and photoelectronic devices . On the other hand, in comparison with zero-dimensional (0D) nanostructures, the space anisotropy of 1D structures provided a better model system to study the dependence of electronic transport, optical and mechanical properties on size confinement and dimensionality. Rare earth (RE) compounds, were intensively applied in luminescent and display devices. It is expected that in nanosized RE compounds the luminescent quantum efficiency (QE) and display resolution could be improved. In this paper, we systematically reported the research progress of luminescent properties of RE-doped 1D orthophosphate nanocrystal, including the synthesis of 1D nanostructures doped with RE ions, local symmetry of host, electronic transition processes, energy transfer (ET), and so forth.

1. Introduction

It is well known that the reduction of particle size of crystalline system can result in remarkable modification of their properties which are different from those of microsized hosts because of surface effect and quantum confinement effect of nanometer materials. In 1994, Bhargava et al. reported that radiative transition rate of ZnS:Mn nanocrystals increased five orders in comparison with bulk one [1]. Although this result was strongly criticized later, the studies on nanosized luminescent semiconductor attracted great interests [2–6]. RE compounds were extensively applied in luminescence and display, such as lighting, field emission display (FED), cathode ray tubes (CRT), and plasma display panel (PDP) [7–11]. Lanthanide orthophosphate (LnPO₄) belongs to two polymorphic types, the monoclinic monazite type (for La to Gd) and quadratic xenotime type (for Tb to Lu). Due to its high QE, bulk lanthanide phosphate as an ideal host in fluorescent lamps, CRT and PDP, has been extensively investigated [12–14]. It is expected that nanosized RE compounds can increase luminescent QE and display resolution. To improve luminescent properties of nanocrystalline phosphors, many preparation methods have been used, such as solid state reactions, sol-gel techniques, hydroxide precipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, spray pyrolysis, laser-heated evaporation, and combustion synthesis. Currently, the luminescent RE-doped 1D nanocrystals such as LaPO₄:RE nanowires [15–19], Y₂O₃:RE and La₂O₃:Eu nanotubes/nanowires [20–25], and YVO₄: Eu nanowires/nanorods [26–28]. have also attracted considerable interests. 1D structures, such as tubes, wires, rods, and belts, have aroused remarkable attentions over past decade due to a great deal of potential applications, such as data storage [29], advanced catalyst [30], and photoelectronic devices [31]. On the other hand, in comparison with 0D structures, the space anisotropy of 1D structures provided a better model system to study the dependence of electronic transport and optical and mechanical properties on size confinement and dimensionality [32]. To develop 1D phosphors, a basic question should be answered: could the photoluminescent properties for 1D nanocrystals be improved than 0D ones as well as the micrometer materials, the so-called bulk materials? In this review, we concentrated on the study progress of photoluminescent properties of RE ions in phosphate 1D nanocrystals.

2. The Synthesis of Phosphate 1D Nanocrystals Doped with RE

In 1999, Meyssamy et al. reported the preparation of LaPO₄:Eu³⁺/Tb³⁺ nanowires by a hydrothermal method and studied their luminescent properties for the first time [15]. After then, researchers prepared phosphate 1D nanocrystals doped with RE ions by different synthesis techniques, such as hydrothermal method to prepare LaPO₄:Ce³⁺/Eu³⁺ nanofibers [33], CePO₄:Tb³⁺ colloidal nanocrystals [34], CePO₄:Tb³⁺/LaPO₄ nanowires core-shell structures [35, 36], and LnPO₄ () nanowires and nanosheets [19]. It should be noted that these reports mainly emphasize the morphology control through changing synthesis conditions. To our knowledge, although LnPO₄ 1D nanocrystals doped with RE ions with different shapes were prepared by the wet chemistry method by many groups, the luminescent properties, especially electronic transition processes and ET processes, were not further studied. Our group systemically reported luminescent characteristics of LnPO₄:RE (, Gd) nanowires and nanorods. Song and Yu et al. systemically and further investigated the LaPO₄:Eu³⁺/Tb³⁺ nanowires photoluminescent properties in comparison with 0D nanoparticles and bulk materials, especial electronic transition process and ET.

3. Local Symmetry of Eu³⁺ in 1D Nanocrystals

Because Eu³⁺ ions were hypersensitive to local structures, they can be used as a fluorescent probe to detect the microstructures surrounding Eu³⁺ ions. In previous research, the local environmental around Eu³⁺ ions in 0D nanoparticles was systematically studied. Many groups reported the appearance of additional sites of Eu³⁺ ions in Y₂O₃ and YBO₃ nanoparticles through high-resolution spectra at low temperature [37–40]. They contributed the origin of additional sites of Eu³⁺ doped nanoparticles to the surface effect because the disorder of atoms at the surface of nanoparticles increased on comparison with the inside atoms. Although LnPO₄:Eu³⁺ 1D nanowires/nanorods were prepared and their basic spectra were researched, the dependence of local symmetry on shape was not studied. Song and Yu et al. investigated the microstructures of Eu³⁺ doped 1D LaPO₄ nanowires in contrast with 0D nanoparticles and corresponding micrometer hosts (micrometer particles and rods) [16, 18, 41]. The LaPO₄ nanoparticles, nanowires, and bulk materials were synthesized by the same synthesis technique, a hydrothermal method. All samples were at monazite phase and no additional phases were observed. The size of LaPO₄:Eu³⁺ nanoparticless is ranging from 10 to 20 nm. The diameter of LaPO₄:Eu³⁺ nanowires ranges from 10 to 20 nm, and the length is about several hundreds nanometer. They observed that the Eu³⁺ ions locate new site in nanowires due to shape effect. Figure 1 shows the high-resolution spectra of LaPO₄:Eu³⁺ nanomaterials and bulk materials at 266 nm pulsed laser excitation at 10 K. The emission associated with ⁵D₀-⁷F₁ transitions is quite different between nanoparticles and nanowires at 10 K. In the nanoparticles, three ⁵D₀-⁷F₁ emission lines were observed, locating at 17025 ± 2 cm^-1 (L1), 16898 ± 2 cm^-1 (L2), and 16815 ± 2 cm^-1 (L3), respectively. In the nanowires, besides the same lines 1–3, three additional lines 4–6 were observed, locating at 16963 ± 2 cm^-1 (L4),16758 ± 2 cm^-1 (L5), and 16718 ± 2 cm^-1 (L6), respectively. The ⁵D₀-⁷F₁ lines in the microparticles are identical with the nanoparticles. For the microrods, lines 1–6 were also observed. However, the relative intensity of lines 4–6 becomes weaker in comparison with that in nanowires. ⁷F₁ associated with one site symmetry can split into three Stark lines in the crystal field. The results in Figure 1 indicate that in nanoparticles and microrods, the ⁵D₀-⁷F₁ transitions are from one crystalline site, A, while in nanowires and microrods, the ⁵D₀-⁷F₁ transitions come from the same site (L1–L3), A, and an additional site (L4–L6), B. The relative number of Eu³⁺ at site B decreases as the powders vary from the nanowires to the microrods. In the present case, from the microparticles to the nanoparticles, the ratio of surface to volume increases greatly, but no additional site is observed. From the microrods to the nanowires, the ratio of surface to volume do not increase so much; however, the additional site B appears and the relative number of Eu³⁺ at site B changes greatly. We thus believe that the appearance of the additional site B is not caused by the surface effect, but by the shape anisotropy. This is the first time to report that the shape effect affects the local structures of Eu³⁺ doped 1D nanocrystals.

4. Electronic Transition Processes and QE of Eu³⁺ in LaPO₄ 1D Nanocrystals

In 0D nanoparticles, many groups reported that the QE and luminescent intensity of Eu³⁺ ions decreased in comparison with the bulk materials due to higher nonradiative transition rate in nanoparticles [42, 43]. An important problem should be answered: does the QE of Eu³⁺ in 1D nanocrystals increase in contrast with nanoparticles and bulk materials? Song and Yu et al. systematically studied the electronic transition processes of Eu³⁺ in LaPO₄ nanowires [16, 18, 41]. The luminescence QE of ⁵D₁ level of Eu³⁺ was determined by the following equation: where is the radiative transition rate of ⁵D₁⁷F_J,W₁₀(T) is nonradiative transition rate at a certain temperature, T. According to the theory of multiphonon relaxation, W₁₀ can be written as where W₁₀(0) is nonradiative transition rate at 0 K, is the energy separation between ⁵D₁ and ⁵D₀, is the phonon energy, k is Boltzmann’ constant, and is the phonon occupation number. According to (1) and (2), the lifetime of ⁵D₁ can be expressed as

They measured the lifetime of ⁵D₁ level of Eu³⁺ ions at different temperatures and obtained the radiative and nonradiative transition rate by fitting according to (3). The results were listed in Table 1. It is obvious that the radiative transitive rate and QE of ⁵D₁ level in nanowires were higher than that in nanoparticles and bulk crystals. This result indicates that the 1D nanocrystal-doped RE ions is ideal phosphors. After then, they also studied the electronic transition processes of Eu³⁺ ions in Y₂O₃ and La₂O₃ nanowires [24, 25]. The results indicate that the radiative transition rate of Eu³⁺ in oxide nanowires hardly changes in comparison with the bulk hosts.

5. ET between RE Ions in LaPO₄ 1D Nanowires

Ce³⁺ and Tb³⁺ ions are important RE ions, which have been applied in blue and green phosphors. The ET processes between Ce³⁺ and Tb³⁺ in some micrometer-sized materials, such as lanthanum oxybromide [44], aluminate [45], alkaline earth sulphate [46], and so on, were intensively investigated. As efficient green phosphors, Ce³⁺ and Tb³⁺coactivated LaPO₄ bulk powders were extensively applied to fluorescent lamps, cathode ray cube (CRT), and plasma display panel (PDP) due to the high ET efficiency between Ce³⁺ and Tb³⁺ ions [13]. To obtain the efficient green phosphors of 1D LaPO₄:Ce³⁺/Tb³⁺ nanowires, the electronic transition and ET processes in 1D nanowires should be studied, and compared with the corresponding bulk powders. However, the studies on ET processes between Ce³⁺ and Tb³⁺, even between different RE impurity centers, are rather rare. Song and Yu et al. fabricated Ce³⁺and Tb³⁺ coactivated LaPO₄ nanowires as well as the micrometer-sized rods by the same hydrothermal method [17, 47]. They systematically studied and compared their electronic transition and ET processes by the luminescent spectra and dynamics analysis. Figure 2 shows the excitation and emission spectra of LaPO₄:Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺ nanowires and microrods. It is obvious and important that the luminescent intensity of Tb³⁺ in LaPO₄:Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺ nanowires is much stronger than that in microrods corresponding to the excitation of Ce³⁺ ions. It should be noted that the emission of Ce³⁺ or Tb³⁺ in single-doped nanowires is lower than that in microrods. The dynamic results were listed in Table 2. The dynamic measurements and analysis indicate that the electronic transition rate of Ce³⁺ and Tb³⁺, the ET rate from Ce³⁺ to Tb³⁺ in Ce³⁺-Tb³⁺ codoped LaPO₄ nanowires, is lower than that in microrods. They attributed the increased intensity of Tb³⁺ in nanowires to the lower ET efficiency from Tb³⁺ to other quench centers, shown in Figure 3. According to the Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺ doped LaPO4 nanowires, we suggested that the RE-doped 1D nanowires were ideal nanophosphors. In addition, we also observed the ET from Gd³⁺ to Tb³⁺ in GdPO₄:Tb³⁺ nanorods [48].

6. The Core Shell Nanostructures of LaPO₄ Nanowires Doped with RE

Due to the increased disorder of surface atoms for nanomaterials, the nonradiative transition rate of RE-doped nanocrystals will increase. The surface modification can effectively eliminate the quenching centers at surface of nanocrystal. In 1999, Li et al prepared Y₂O₃:Eu³⁺@SiO₂/Al₂O₃ nanoparticles heterostructures and observed the increase of Eu³⁺ luminescence [49]. In 2003, Haase prepared the CePO₄:Tb³⁺/Eu³⁺@LaPO₄ nanoparticles core-shell structures and observed that the quantum yield of Tb³⁺ was increased from 43% to 70% [50, 51]. Lin group systematically studied 0D nanoparticles doping with RE coated with SiO₂ [52–67]. Recently, 1D nanosized core-shell structures doped with RE have been reported. Bu et al. reported uniform CePO₄@LaPO₄ and CePO₄:Tb³⁺@LaPO₄ 1D single-crystalline nanocable heterostructures with highly enhanced photoluminescent emission [36]. The resulting 1D single-crystalline nanocable heterostructures have smooth and uniform LaPO₄ sheaths, which is of great significance in effectively eliminating surface trap-states and suppressing the energy quenching in ET processes. The photoluminescence results for these 1D nanocable heterostructures illustrate that the uniform LaPO₄ sheaths remarkably increase the luminescent efficiency. Figure 4 shows the emission spectra of (nm) the dilute colloidal solutions of the Ce_0.9Tb_0.1PO₄ 1D nanostructures (dashed line) and the Ce_0.9Tb_0.1PO₄@LaPO₄ 1D nanocable heterostructures (solid lines). It is obvious that the emission intensity of Tb³⁺ and Ce³⁺ in LaPO₄:Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺ nanowires coated with LaPO₄ is much high than that in noncoated samples.

Fang et al. also reported that CePO₄:Tb³⁺/LaPO₄ core/shell nanowires synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method, and the resulting 1D core/shell nanostructures have high photoluminescence efficiency [35]. Until recently, it has been considered difficult to obtain a nanocrystal phosphor material with the quantum yield being close to that of the corresponding bulk material. The novel core/shell nanostructures, which are more robust than organically passivated nanowires, may be used as building blocks for optoelectronic nanodevice applications. CePO₄:Tb/LaPO₄ core/shell nanowires with high quantum yield would also be a new class of biomedical labels for ultrasensitive, multicolor, and multiplexing applications owing to their nontoxicity and biocompatibility.

In summary, we introduced the recent progresses of phosphate 1D nanowires doped with RE. We suggest that the research focus should be the application of 1D nanowires in biological probe, photonic crystals, optical communication, etc in future.

References

R. N. Bhargava, D. Gallagher, X. Hong, and A. Nurmikko, “Optical properties of manganese-doped nanocrystals of ZnS,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 416–419, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. B. Qadra, E. F. Skelton, D. Hsu et al., “Elastic constants and charge ordering in $α^{'} {-NaV}_{2} O_{5}$ ,” Physical Review B, vol. 60, no. 13, pp. 9194–9197, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ihara, T. Igarashi, T. Kusunoki, and K. Ohno, “Cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence of nanocrystal phosphors,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. H72–H75, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Donega, A. Bol, and A. Meijerink, “Time-resolved luminescence of ZnS: ${Mn}^{2 +}$ nanocrystals,” Journal of Luminescence, vol. 96, no. 2–4, pp. 87–93, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Li, C. Tsung, Z. Yang et al., “Rare-earth-doped nanocrystalline titania microspheres emitting luminescence via energy transfer,” Advanced Materials, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 903–908, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Del-Castillo, V. Rodrıguez, A. Yanes, and J. Méndez-Ramos, “Energy transfer from the host to ${Er}^{3 +}$ dopants in semiconductor ${SnO}_{2}$ nanocrystals segregated in sol-gel silica glasses,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 499–506, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Dhanaraj, R. Jagannathan, T. Kutty, and C. Lu, “Photoluminescence characteristics of $Y_{2} O_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ nanophosphors prepared using sol-gel thermolysis,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 105, no. 45, pp. 11098–11105, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wei, L. Sun, C. Liao, C. Yan, and S. Huang, “Fluorescence intensity and color purity improvement in nanosized ${YBO}_{3}$ :Eu,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 1447–1449, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. S. Meltzer, S. Feofilov, and B. Tissue, “Dependence of fluorescence lifetimes of $Y_{2} O_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ nanoparticles on the surrounding medium,” Physical Review B, vol. 60, no. 20, pp. R14012–R14015, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Williams, B. Bihari, B. M. Tissue, and J. McHale, “Preparation and fluorescence spectroscopy of bulk monoclinic ${Eu}^{3 +}$ : $Y_{2} O_{3}$ and comparison to ${Eu}^{3 +}$ : $Y_{2} O_{3}$ nanocrystals,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 102, no. 6, pp. 916–920, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Hong, R. Meltzer, B. Bihari, D. Williams, and B. Tissue, “Spectral hole burning in crystalline ${Eu}_{2} O_{3}$ and $Y_{2} O_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ nanoparticles,” Journal of Luminescence, vol. 76-77, pp. 234–237, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
U. Rambabu, D. Amalnerkar, B. Kale, and S. Buddhudu, “Optical properties of ${LnPO}_{4}$ : ${Tb}^{3 +}$ (Ln = Y, La and Gd) powder phosphors,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Dexpert-Ghys, R. Mauricot, and M. Faucher, “Spectroscopy of ${Eu}^{3 +}$ ions in monazite type lanthanide orthophosphates ${LnPO}_{4}$ , Ln = La or Eu,” Journal of Luminescence, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 203–215, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Wu, H. You, H. Gui et al., “Fabrication and characterization of heteroepitaxial bilayers of La-Ca-Mn-O/Y-Ba-Cu-O,” Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 15, pp. 2531–2538, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Meyssamy, K. Riwotzki, A. Kornowski, S. Naused, and M. Haase, “Wet-chemical synthesis of doped colloidal nanomaterials: particles and fibers of ${LaPO}_{4}$ :Eu, ${LaPO}_{4}$ :Ce, and ${LaPO}_{4}$ :Ce,Tb,” Advanced Materials, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 840–844, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Yu, H. Song, S. Lu, Z. Liu, L. Yang, and X. Kong, “Luminescent properties of ${LaPO}_{4}$ :Eu nanoparticles and nanowires,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 43, pp. 16697–16702, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Yu, H. Song, Z. Liu, L. Yang, S. Lu, and Z. Zheng, “Electronic transition and energy transfer processes in ${LaPO}_{4} - {Ce}^{3 +} / {Tb}^{3 +}$ nanowires,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 109, no. 23, pp. 11450–11455, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Song, L. Yu, S. E. Lu, T. Wang, Z. Liu, and L. Yang, “Remarkable differences in photoluminescent properties between ${LaPO}_{4}$ :Eu one-dimensional nanowires and zero-dimensional nanoparticles,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 470–472, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Fang, A. Xu, R. Song et al., “Systematic synthesis and characterization of single-crystal lanthanide orthophosphate nanowires,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125, no. 51, pp. 16025–16034, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Wu, W. Qin, G. Qin et al., “Photoluminescence from surfactant-assembled $Y_{2} O_{3}$ :Eu nanotubes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 520–522, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Yada, M. Mihara, S. Mouri, M. Kuroki, and T. Kijima, “Rare earth (Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) oxide nanotubes templated by dodecylsulfate assemblies,” Advanced Materials, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 309–313, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Wang and Y. Li, “Rare-earth-compound nanowires, nanotubes, and fullerene-like nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and properties,” Chemistry—A European Journal, vol. 9, no. 22, pp. 5627–5635, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Yada, C. Taniguchi, T. Torikai, T. Watri, S. Furuta, and H. Katsuki, “Versatile helical polymer films: chiroptical inversion switching and memory with re-writable (RW) and write-once read-many (WORM) modes,” Advanced Materials, vol. 16, no. 18, pp. 1448–1450, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Yu, H. Song, Z. Liu, L. Yang, and S. Lu, “Fabrication and photoluminescent characteristics of ${La}_{2} O_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ nanowires,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 303–308, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Bai, H. Song, L. Yu et al., “Luminescent properties of pure cubic phase $Y_{2} O_{3} / {Eu}^{3 +}$ nanotubes/nanowires prepared by a hydrothermal method,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 109, no. 32, pp. 15236–15242, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Song, G. Pan, X. Bai, S. Li, H. Yu, and H. Zhang, “One-dimensional rare earth compounds and complexes: preparation and improved photoluminescence properties,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1316–1325, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Yu, H. Song, G. Pan et al., “Preparation and luminescent properties of ${YVO}_{4}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ nanofibers by electrospinning,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1432–1436, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Wu, Y. Tao, C. Song, C. Mao, L. Dong, and J. Zhu, “Morphological control and luminescent properties of ${YVO}_{4}$ :Eu nanocrystals,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 32, pp. 15791–15796, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. H. Peng, Y. C. Zhang, and Y. C. Lin, “Zinc oxide doping effects in polarization switching of lithium niobate,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 4–6, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Duan, Y. Yang, Y. Cui, J. Wang, and C. Lieber, “Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices,” Nature, vol. 409, no. 6816, pp. 66–69, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Pan, Z. Dai, and Z. Wang, “Nanobelts of semiconducting oxides,” Science, vol. 291, no. 5510, pp. 1947–1949, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Xia and P. Yang, “Chemistry and physics of nanowires,” Advanced Materials, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 351–352, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Haase, K. Riwotzki, H. Meyssamy, and A. Kornowski, “Synthesis and properties of colloidal lanthanide-doped nanocrystals,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 303-304, pp. 191–197, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Riwotzki, H. Meyssamy, A. Kornowski, and M. Haase, “Liquid-phase synthesis of doped nanoparticles: colloids of luminescing ${LaPO}_{4}$ :Eu and ${CePO}_{4}$ :Tb particles with a narrow particle size distribution,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 104, no. 13, pp. 2824–2828, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Fang, A. Xu, and W. Dong, “Highly improved green photoluminescence from ${CePO}_{4}$ :Tb/ ${LaPO}_{4}$ core/shell nanowires,” Small, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 967–971, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Bu, Z. Hua, H. Chen, and J. Shi, “Epitaxial synthesis of uniform cerium phosphate one-dimensional nanocable heterostructures with improved luminescence,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 109, no. 30, pp. 14461–14464, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wei, L. Sun, C. Liao, J. Yin, X. Jiang, and C. Yan, “Size-dependent chromaticity in ${YBO}_{3}$ :Eu nanocrystals: correlation with microstructure and site symmetry,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 106, no. 41, pp. 10610–10617, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wei, L. Sun, C. Liao et al., “Size dependence of luminescent properties for hexagonal ${YBO}_{3}$ :Eu nanocrystals in the vacuum ultraviolet region,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 93, no. 12, pp. 9783–9788, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wei, L. Sun, C. Liao, J. Yin, X. Jiang, and C. Yan, “Fluorescence intensity and color purity improvement in nanosized ${YBO}_{3}$ :Eu,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 80, no. 8, p. 1447, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Peng, H. Song, B. Chen, S. Lu, and S. Huang, “Spectral difference between nanocrystalline and bulk $Y_{2} O_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ ,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 370, no. 3-4, pp. 485–489, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Song, S. Lu, Z. Liu, and L. Yang, “Influence of shape anisotropy on photoluminescence characteristics in ${LaPO}_{4}$ :Eu nanowires,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 399, no. 4–6, pp. 384–388, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Peng, H. Song, B. Chen et al., “Temperature dependence of luminescent spectra and dynamics in nanocrystalline $Y_{2} O_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ ,” Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 118, no. 7, pp. 3277–3282, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Song, J. Wang, B. Chem, H. Peng, and S. Lu, “Size-dependent electronic transition rates in cubic nanocrystalline europium doped yttria,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 376, no. 1-2, pp. 1–5, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Hölsä, M. Leskelä, and L. Niinistö, “Sensitization of ${Tb}^{3 +}$ luminescence with ${Ce}^{3 +}$ in LaOBr: ${Tb}^{3 +}$ , ${Ce}^{3 +}$ ,” Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 267–270, 1981.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Jia, W. Jia, X. Wang, and W. Yen, “Quenching of thermo-stimulated photo-ionization by energy transfer in ${CaAl}_{4} O_{7}$ : ${Tb}^{3 +}$ , ${Ce}^{3 +}$ ,” Solid State Communications, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 1–4, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Jose and A. Lakshmanan, “ ${Ce}^{3 +}$ to ${Tb}^{3 +}$ energy transfer in alkaline earth (Ba, Sr or Ca) sulphate phosphors,” Optical Materials, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 651–659, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Yu, H. Song, Z. Liu, L. Yang, S. Lu, and Z. Zheng, “Remarkable improvement of brightness for the green emissions in ${Ce}^{3 +}$ and ${Tb}^{3 +}$ co-activated ${LaPO}_{4}$ nanowires,” Solid State Communications, vol. 134, no. 11, pp. 753–757, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Yu, D. Li, and M. Yue, “Fabrication and characterization of the photoluminescent properties of ${Tb}^{3 +}$ doped one-dimensional ${GdPO}_{4}$ nanorods,” Materials Letters, vol. 61, no. 22, pp. 4374–4376, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Li, L. Gao, and D. Yan, “Effects of the coating process on nanoscale $Y_{2} O_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ powders,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 533–535, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Kömpe, H. Borchert, J. Storz et al., “Green-emitting ${CePO}_{4}$ :Tb/ ${LaPO}_{4}$ core-shell nanoparticles with 70 % photoluminescence quantum yield,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 42, no. 44, pp. 5513–5516, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Lehmann, K. Kömpe, and M. Haase, “Synthesis of ${Eu}^{3 +}$ -doped core and core/shell nanoparticles and direct spectroscopic identification of dopant sites at the surface and in the interior of the particles,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 45, pp. 14935–14942, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Yu, J. Lin, and J. Fang, “Silica spheres coated with ${YVO}_{4}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ layers via sol-gel process: a simple method to obtain spherical core-shell phosphors,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1783–1791, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Lin, H. Wang, D. Kong et al., “Silica supported submicron ${SiO}_{2} @ Y_{2} {SiO}_{5}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ and ${SiO}_{2} @ Y_{2} {SiO}_{5}$ : ${Ce}^{3 +}$ / ${Tb}^{3 +}$ spherical particles with a core-shell structure: sol-gel synthesis and characterization,” European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 2006, no. 18, pp. 3667–3675, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Lin, D. Kong, X. Liu, H. Wang, M. Yu, and J. Lin, “Monodisperse and core-shell-structured ${SiO}_{2} @ {YBO}_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ spherical particles: synthesis and characterization,” Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 2674–2681, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Wang, C. Lin, X. Liu, J. Lin, and M. Yu, “Fluorescence intensity and color purity improvement in nanosized ${YBO}_{3}$ :Eu,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 87, Article ID 181907, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Wang, M. Yu, C. Lin, X. Liu, and J. Lin, “Synthesis and luminescence properties of monodisperse spherical $Y_{2} O_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ @ ${SiO}_{2}$ particles with core-shell structure,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 30, pp. 11223–11230, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Kong, M. Yu, C. Lin, X. Liu, J. Lin, and J. Fang, “Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of ${Zn}_{2} {SiO}_{4}$ :Mn@ ${SiO}_{2}$ spherical core-shell particles,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 152, no. 9, pp. H146–H151, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Jia, X. Liu, G. Li, M. Yu, J. Fang, and J. Lin, “Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of ${SiO}_{2} @ {CaWO}_{4}, {SiO}_{2} @ {CaWO}_{4}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ / ${Tb}^{3 +}$ core-shell structured spherical particles,” Nanotechnology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 734–742, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Li, M. Yu, Z. Wang, J. Lin, R. Wang, and J. Fang, “Sol-gel fabrication and photoluminescence properties of ${SiO}_{2} @ {Gd}_{2} O_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ core-shell particles,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1416–1422, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Liu, P. Jia, J. Lin, and G. Li, “Monodisperse spherical core-shell structured ${SiO}_{2}$ - ${CaTiO}_{3} {:Pr}^{3 +}$ phosphors for field emission displays,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 99, no. 12, Article ID 124902, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Jia, X. Liu, M. Yu, Y. Luo, J. Fang, and J. Lin, “Luminescence properties of sol-gel derived spherical ${SiO}_{2} @ {Gd}_{2} {({WO}_{4})}_{3}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ particles with core-shell structure,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 424, no. 4–6, pp. 358–363, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Yu, H. Wang, C. Lin, G. Li, and J. Lin, “Sol-gel synthesis and photoluminescence properties of spherical ${SiO}_{2} @ {LaPO}_{4}$ : ${Ce}^{3 +}$ / ${Tb}^{3 +}$ particles with a core-shell structure,” Nanotechnology, vol. 17, no. 13, pp. 3245–3252, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Wang, M. Yu, C. Lin, and J. Lin, “Core-shell structured ${SiO}_{2} @ {YVO}_{4}$ : ${Dy}^{3 +}$ / ${Sm}^{3 +}$ phosphor particles: sol-gel preparation and characterization,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 300, no. 1, pp. 176–182, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Li, Z. Wang, M. Yu, Z. Quan, and J. Lin, “Fabrication and optical properties of core-shell structured spherical ${SiO}_{2} @ {GdVO}_{4}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ phosphors via sol-gel process,” Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 179, no. 8, pp. 2698–2706, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Li, M. Yu, R. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Quan, and J. Lin, “Fabrication and photoluminescence properties of core-shell structured spherical ${SiO}_{2} @ {Gd}_{2} {Ti}_{2} O_{7}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ phosphors,” Journal of Materials Research, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 2232–2240, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Lin, B. Zhao, Z. Wang et al., “Spherical ${SiO}_{2}$ @ ${GdPO}_{4} {:Eu}^{3 +}$ core-shell phosphors: sol-gel synthesis and characterization,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 542–548, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Jia, X. Liu, Y. Luo, M. Yu, and J. Lin, “Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of ${SiO}_{2} @ NaGd {({WO}_{4})}_{2}$ : ${Eu}^{3 +}$ core-shell-structured spherical phosphor particles,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 154, no. 1, pp. J39–J43, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2010 Lixin Yu and Hai Liu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1615

Downloads

1645

Citations

Journal of Nanomaterials

1D Nanomaterials

The Progress of Photoluminescent Properties of Rare-Earth-Ions-Doped Phosphate One-Dimensional Nanocrystals

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. The Synthesis of Phosphate 1D Nanocrystals Doped with RE

3. Local Symmetry of Eu3+ in 1D Nanocrystals

4. Electronic Transition Processes and QE of Eu3+ in LaPO4 1D Nanocrystals

5. ET between RE Ions in LaPO4 1D Nanowires

6. The Core Shell Nanostructures of LaPO4 Nanowires Doped with RE

References

Copyright

3. Local Symmetry of Eu³⁺ in 1D Nanocrystals

4. Electronic Transition Processes and QE of Eu³⁺ in LaPO₄ 1D Nanocrystals

5. ET between RE Ions in LaPO₄ 1D Nanowires

6. The Core Shell Nanostructures of LaPO₄ Nanowires Doped with RE