Structural Characteristics of Bimetallic Catalysts Supported on Nano-Ceria

Bozeman, J. F.; Huang, H.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/329757

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2011 | Article ID 329757 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/329757

Structural Characteristics of Bimetallic Catalysts Supported on Nano-Ceria

J. F. Bozeman¹and H. Huang¹

Academic Editor: Zhenmeng Peng

Received22 Dec 2010

Accepted04 Feb 2011

Published06 Apr 2011

Abstract

Cu-Pt bimetal catalysts supported on nanocrystalline CeO₂ (nano-ceria) are synthesized via the low-cost sol-gel approach followed by impregnation processing. The average particle size of the catalytic composites is 63 nm. Ceria nanopowders sequentially impregnated in copper solution and then in Pt solution transformed into Pt-skin-structured Cu-Pt/ceria nanocomposite, based on the surface elemental and bulk compositional analyses. The ceria supporter has a fluorite structure, but the structure of Cu and Pt catalytic contents, not detected by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy due to the low loading level, is yet conclusive. The bimetallic catalytic nanocomposites may potentially serve as sulfur-tolerant anode in solid oxide fuel cells.

1. Introduction

Fuel Cells are one of the key technologies in the field of renewable and clean energy because they have unique characteristics such as high energy density, high conversion efficiency, rapid refueling, and low noise. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), operated at temperatures of 600–1000°C, have potentials to directly utilize fuels, such as natural gas and biogases, with no need of high-grade prepurifying process [1–4]. Enabling such capabilities of SOFCs at no sacrifice of energy conversion efficiency is greatly beneficial for commercialization. However, economical low-cleaning fuels usually contain hydrogen sulfide up to hundreds of ppm level [5–12] causing dramatic decrease in the fuel cell performances [13–21]. The Ni/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) cermet anode, commonly utilized in SOFCs, is susceptive to sulfur in the following two aspects [22–25]: (1) H₂S absorbs on surface active sites of Ni catalyst, inhibiting effective catalytic functionality for fuel oxidation; and (2) Nickel sulfide forms resulting in complete loss of catalytic activity and conductivity. Consequently, Ni/YSZ cermet can only tolerate 0.1 ppm of sulfur in the fuels.

Ceria successfully served as the sulfur-sorbent and sulfur-removal materials [26, 27]. Zhan and Barnett reported that sulfur could be reversibly and efficiently adsorbed on the surface of ceria and doped ceria over a wide temperature range of 350–800°C [27], matching the operating temperatures of SOFCs. Therefore, in the development of alternative anode materials, extensive efforts have been emphasized on ceria-based cermet [28–40]. By using Cu-ceria composite in place of Ni/YSZ cermet, SOFCs exhibited constant operating voltage and effective catalytic activity in the presence of H₂S [35, 36]. The enhanced sulfur tolerance of the Cu catalyst was attributed to copper oxide acting as a sulfidation site [32, 34, 36, 37]. Gong et al. studied Cu-ceria as the sulfur tolerant anode material for SOFC application and summated that the anode surface and its electronic structure played a key role in achieving sulfur-resistance [30]. Pt and Pd catalysts supported on ceria were also reported to possess effective sulfur tolerant properties [31, 35]. Impregnation of Ni to Pt supported on ceria exhibited better activity and tolerance in the presence of sulfur [38]. He et al. suggested that an increase of the electron-deficiency of noble metals like Pt could be essential to increase sulfur tolerance of noble metal catalysts [32]. In effort to understand the surface sulfur interaction with the catalyst at a molecular level, Choi et al. analyzed sulfur tolerance of Ni, Cu, and Ni-Cu alloys for SOFCs using computational ab initio method [39]. It was subsequently concluded that Cu was more sulfur-tolerant than Ni, and that alloying Ni with Cu improved sulfur tolerance. Recently, computational simulation was performed on four different compositional and nanostructured catalyst materials, that is, pure Cu, Cu-Pt bimetal, Cu-skin-structured Cu-Pt bimetal, and Pt-skin structured Cu-Pt bimetal. Preliminary results suggested that there was least interaction between the adsorbed sulfur atom and the Pt-skin-structured Cu-Pt bimetal catalyst, and hence the most sulfur-resistant among the four candidates [40]. This research is to synthesize Cu-Pt bimetal and Pt-skin structured bimetal catalysts supported on nanocrystalline CeO₂ which may potentially serve as sulfur-resistant anodes for SOFCs. The low-cost sol-gel method was applied to synthesize nanocrystalline ceria. Impregnation processing was adopted to acquire the catalyst-covered nano-ceria powders. Crystal structure, particle size, bulk composition, and surface composition of the catalyst-coated nano-ceria composites were characterized.

2. Experimental Aspects

2.1. Synthesis of Nano-Ceria

Cerium (IV) nitrate hexahydrate (99% metals basis, Sigma-Aldrich) was added to distilled water until fully dissolved at room temperature. Afterwards, citric acid monohydrate (Sigma-Aldrich) was added in the cerium solution at 1 : 1 molar ratio to serve as a complexing polyfunctional agent. Two generalized reactions in the sol-gel processing [41] are the following: where M and R represent metal and alkane groups, respectively. After stirred and heated at 80°C for 2 hours, the clear solution turned into a viscous gel. The yellow paste was then dried at 250°C for 1 hour and calcined at 600°C for 5 hours at a ramping rate of 10°C per minute in air.

2.2. Synthesis of Catalysts Covered Nano-Ceria

Copper (II) acetate hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to appropriate amount of distilled water resulting in a molarity of 0.025 M solution. A 0.025 M Pt-containing solution was prepared by mixing 1 mL of concentrated nitric acid, 9 mL of distilled water, and 0.1 g of platinum (II) acetylacetonate (Sigma-Aldrich). The Cu covered CeO₂ (Cu-Ceria) was synthesized as in the following: 1 g of nano-ceria powders was placed in the 100 mL 0.025 M Cu acetate solution, stirred and preserved overnight. It was then filtered, washed, and dried at 250°C. The Pt covered CeO₂ (Pt-Ceria) followed a similar process. The CuPt bimetallic catalyst supported on CeO₂ (bimetal CuPt-ceria) was synthesized via impregnating nano-ceria powder in a mixture of 5 mL copper-containing solution and 3 mL of Pt-containing solution in one step. The Pt-skin-structured CuPt catalyst supported on CeO₂ (Pt-skin CuPt-ceria) was synthesized via a sequential two-step impregnation process. The nano-ceria powder was firstly impregnated in the copper acetate solution. After the resultant powder was washed and dried, the Cu-ceria powder was placed in the platinum acetylacetonate solution, filtered, and then dried. All the impregnation is set for 24 hours in sufficient amount of solution to ensure saturated and maximum surface adsorption.

2.3. Characterization of Supported Nano-Ceria Catalysts

The bare nano-ceria and impregnated ceria specimens were subjected to a series of structural, topographical, and compositional analyses with the help of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

XRD spectra were obtained on the X-ray Diffractometer (Rigaku RU200 DMAX B) in the 2θ range of 24.0° to 84.0° at a step rate of 2° per minute. AFM topographical imaging was conducted on Agilent 5420 to visualize accurate particle size. The elemental compositions were analyzed by using EDS equipped in the scanning electron microscope (JEOL 7401F). Two different morphological regions and two area sizes (10 μm by 10 μm and 200 μm by 180 μm) were selected. Since EDS collects elemental information of a specimen at a depth of 1–5 μm, the EDS results essentially provide the average bulk composition information [42, 43].

The XPS signals, originating from the outer layers (less than 1–3 nm) of a specimen, provide the surface-sensitive information on composition and chemistry [42, 43]. XPS was conducted on Kratos Axis Ultra Instrument and the results were analyzed with the help of CasaXPS software. All spectra were taken using mono-Al Kα X-rays (1486.6 eV) and binding energies were reported as measured without correction. XPS survey scans were performed in the binding energy range from 1 eV to 1000 eV. The fine scans were focused in the ranges of 870–920 eV, 930–970 eV, 525–530 eV and 70–77 eV corresponding to Cu 2p, Ce 3d, O 1s, and Pt 4f peaks, respectively.

3. Results and Discussion

In the XPS survey spectra of the four impregnated specimens, no impurity elements other than Cu and/or Pt, Ce, O were detected. Fine scans were subsequently carried out in the pertinent binding energy ranges to elucidate the elemental bonding states of the elements of interest. Figure 1 displays the Cu 2p and Pt 4f XPS fine-scan spectra of the four coated specimens, that is, Cu-ceria, Pt-ceria, bimetal CuPt-ceria, and Pt-skin CuPt-ceria. Both Pt and Cu peaks are observable in the bimetal CuPt-ceria achieved by one-step impregnation. However, in the Pt-skin bimetal-ceria achieved via sequential two-step impregnation, the Pt peaks obviously present (see Figure 1(a)) but Cu peaks are not detected (see Figure 1(b)), distinguished from the bimetal-ceria specimen. The interesting observations were verified by repeating the measurements. XPS analyses indicated that the outer layers (less than a few nm thick) of the specimen prepared by impregnation in two-step sequence were predominantly Pt, resulting in the Pt-skin structure.

(a)

(b)

It has been discovered that depending on the structure and adsorption mechanism, only a small portion of all sites on oxides are active for cation sorption. On silica and zeolites, surface hydroxyl groups were involved in the adsorption of cations on oxide [44], but on titania the coordinatively unsaturated Ti⁴⁺-O²⁻ couples were the active adsorption sites [45]. Vassileva et al., with the aid of IR spectroscopy, summated that hydroxyl groups participated in the the heavy metal ion adsorption on ceria [46]. The adsorption scheme can be expressed as shown in Scheme 1. where Meⁿ⁺ is the heavy metal cation and L is the ligand. The scheme explained the blocking of the Ce sites after cation adsorption. Accordingly, the cation adsorption, after impregnation to formation of the bimetal CuPt-ceria, and Pt-skin CuPt-ceria were schematically illustrated in Figure 2.

EDS analysis, capable to detect the elements in the depth up to a few micrometers, was performed on the Pt-skin-structured materials and confirmed the coexistence of Cu and Pt in the specimen. Aided by the quantitative analysis software included with ZAF correction, the average bulk composition of the Cu and Pt elements in the composite was determined 3.7 wt% and 1.0 wt%, respectively. It needs to note that the Pr and Sm elements were also detected in the EDS spectrum, which were originated from the cerium acetate precursors. Due to the similar size and charge of Pr, Sm to Ce, the two elements are very soluble and usually exist in the ceria fluorite structure [47]. In contrast, Cu and Pt are barely soluable in ceria and hence may be absorbed on the surface in ceria, which were manifested by XPS results.

XRD diffraction spectra of bare ceria, bimetal CuPt-ceria, and Pt-skin CuPt-ceria are presented in Figure 3. Apparently, all the diffraction peak heights and positions properly matched the corresponding values associated with the fluorite-structured cubic CeO₂ [48]. No visible peaks related to metallic Cu, Pt, or their oxide phases emerged in the impregnated samples. Further careful examination indicated insignificant position shifts occurred in comparison with bare nano-ceria. These observations may imply that the absorbed Cu and/or Pt is neither present in the crystallographic structure nor incorporated into the ceria structure, suggesting possible amorphous phase. Alternatively, the observation may be the consequence of the low loading level of catalytic elements (based on the EDS analysis), undetectable by XRD [42, 43]. The actual phase of the metallic catalyst will be subjected to further investigations by using transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction in the future.

The particle size of the Pt-skin CuPt-ceria, visualized from the AFM topographical image, is 63 nm in average (see Figure 4). These results are corroborated well with the broadening of the XRD peaks. This value is slightly larger than that of uncoated ceria which has an average particle size of 60 nm. Accordingly, the average catalyst particles are estimated about 3 nm, vital to the catalytic efficiency. Further, cerium and oxygen composition in bare nano-ceria were quantified based on the EDS data, with oxygen to cerium ratio in the range from 1.7 to 1.9. The nonstoichiometry of the nano-ceria (CeO_x) indicated more oxygen vacancy and higher electronic conductivity than CeO₂, which will be beneficial to the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen ion on the anode side of SOFCs [49–51]. Moreover, a portion of the Cu-ceria specimen was subjected to reduction in a hydrogen atmosphere at 600°C to simulate the practical SOFC operating conditions. Figure 5 exhibits Cu 2p XPS spectra of the Cu-ceria sample before and after reduction. The coexistence of Cu 2p 3/2 and the typical Cu 2p 1/2 shake-up satellites in the Cu-coated ceria at 939.8 eV and 960.0 eV, as can be seen in Figure 5, indicated the presence of Cu²⁺ ion in the oxide state. After the reduction process, the Cu satellite peaks decreased significantly, marked by the arrows in the figure. The results suggested copper in the as-prepared Cu-coated ceria existed in the oxidized state, but could be successfully reduced at the SOFC operational temperatures.

4. Conclusion

CuPt bimetal and Pt-skin CuPt bimetal catalysts coated on nanocrystalline CeO₂ were successfully achieved via the cost-effective sol-gel approach followed by one-step or two-step sequential impregnation. The nano-ceria supporter had a fluorite structure.

The Cu and/or Pt on the ceria surface, not detected by XRD, may exist in an amorphous phase although not conclusive yet. The average particle size of the catalyst coated ceria was 63 nm with the catalyst layer around 3 nm. Cu components, present in an oxidic state, can be readily reduced into a metallic state under fuel cell operating conditions. The CuPt bimetal and Pt-skin CuPt-ceria may be promising anode alternatives for SOFCs powered by sulfur-containing fuels. Performances of SOFCs made up of the novel formula anode under sulfur-constaning fuels are still under investigation.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Ohio Space Grant Consortium and Wright State University for the financial support of this research.

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Copyright © 2011 J. F. Bozeman and H. Huang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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