Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dye by Sol-Gel-Derived Gallium-Doped Anatase Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation

Figure 5

XPS spectra of (a) O 1s, (b) Ti 2p, (d) Ga 3d photoelectrons in undoped and Ga-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles. (c) Deconvolution of Ti 2p peaks of doped samples to show the existence of Ti⁺⁴ and Ti⁺³ ions.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)