Human Biomonitoring of Engineered Nanoparticles: An Appraisal of Critical Issues and Potential Biomarkers

Figure 2

System toxicology-based integrative approach to the identification of biomarkers. Recent advances in “-omics” and new imaging techniques describing the cellular fate of NMs may lead to identify fingerprints of selected NMs, to assess whether particular biological pathways are activated or perturbed by NMs, and to evaluate if the quantitative changes in these biomarkers can be used as indicators or predictors for toxicity in humans.