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| Renal system |
| References | Crystal phase composition (particle size in nm) | Type of exposure | Type and number of animals | Results |
|
| Wang et al., 2007 [121] | TiO2 (25, 80, 155) | Intragastric administration: 5 g/kg TiO2 in a minute. | 20 male and female CD-1 (ICR) mice per group | Biochemical parameters: BUN, Cr increased by 25, 80 nm TiO2.
Histology: proteinic liquids in renal tubules, glomerulus swelling. |
|
| Fabian et al., 2008 [138] | Anatase-rutile TiO2 mixture (20–30) | Intravenous injection: 5 mg/kg | 3 male Wistar rats per group | Biochemical parameters: no alterations in BUN and Cr. |
|
| Liang et al., 2009 [30] | TiO2 (5, 21) | Intratracheal instillation: 0.5–50 mg/kg TiO2. | 6 male and female Sprague Dawley rats per group | Biochemical parameters: no alterations in BUN and Cr.
Oxidative stress: decreased SOD and GSH-PX, increased MDA renal activity (5 nm TiO2). |
|
| Chen et al., 2009 [22] | Anatase TiO2 (80–110) | Intraperitoneal injections: 324–2592 mg/kg TiO2. | 10 male and female ICR mice. | Biochemical parameters: no alterations in BUN.
Histology: glomerulus swelling, proteinic liquids in renal tubules. |
|
| Liu et al., 2009 [122] | Anatase TiO2 (5)
Bulk rutile TiO2 (10–15 μm) | Intra-abdominal injections: 5–150 mg/kg BW anatase TiO2 and 150 mg/kg bulk TiO2 everyday for 14 days. | 10 female CD-1 (ICR) mice per group | Biochemical parameters: UA and BUN dcreased by both TiO2. |
|
| Guo et al., 2009 [131] | N.A. | Intraperitoneal injections: 200 and 500 mg/kg TiO2 every other day for 5 times. | 15 male ICR mice per group | Biochemical parameters: BUN increased. |
|
| Wang et al., 2009 [134] | Anatase TiO2 (diameter: ; thickness: 10–15) | Intraarticular injection: 0.2–20 mg/kg TiO2 in the knee joints every other day for 4 times. | 10 male Sprague Dawley rats per group | Biochemical parameters: BUN and Cr decreased.
Histology: proteinic liquids in renal tubules. |
|
| Tang et al., 2010 [75] | TiO2 (5) | Intratracheal instillation: 0.8–20 mg/kg TiO2. | 8 male Sprague Dawley rats per group | Biochemical parameters: BUN and Cr increased.
1H NMR urine analysis: increase in valine, lactate,acetate, succinate, 2-OG, creatinine, taurine, TMAO, allantoin, hippurate1-2; decrease in citrate, DMA. |
|
| Tang et al., 2011 [40] | Anatase TiO2 () | Intratracheal instillation: 0.8–20 mg/kg TiO2. | 8 male Sprague Dawley rats per group | Biochemical parameters: BUN increased.
1H NMR serum analysis: ketone, bodies, choline, LDL, alanine and GLU increased; lactate, creatine, and pyruvate decreased.
TEM analysis: tubule epithelial cell damage, vascular deformity. |
|
| Zhao et al., 2010 [142] | Anatase TiO2 | Intra-abdominal injections: N.A. | Mice | Biochemical parameters: Cr, Ca2+, phosphonium increased, BUN and UA decreased.
Oxidative stress: ROS, LPO increased, superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, and ascorbic acid content decreased. |
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