One-Step Synthesis of PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles with Tunable Surface Charge

Stiufiuc, Rares; Iacovita, Cristian; Nicoara, Raul; Stiufiuc, Gabriela; Florea, Adrian; Achim, Marcela; Lucaciu, Constantin M.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/146031

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 146031 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/146031

One-Step Synthesis of PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles with Tunable Surface Charge

Rares Stiufiuc,¹Cristian Iacovita,¹Raul Nicoara,¹Gabriela Stiufiuc,²Adrian Florea,³Marcela Achim,⁴and Constantin M. Lucaciu¹

Academic Editor: Donglu Shi

Received18 Jun 2013

Accepted07 Sept 2013

Published23 Oct 2013

Abstract

The present work reports a rapid, simple and efficient one-step synthesis and detailed characterisation of stable aqueous colloids of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with unmodified poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG) molecules of different molecular weights and surface charges. By mixing and heating aqueous solutions of PEG with variable molecular chain and gold(III) chloride hydrate (HAuCl₄) in the presence of NaOH, we have successfully produced uniform colloidal 5 nm PEG coated AuNPs of spherical shape with tunable surface charge and an average diameter of 30 nm within a few minutes. It has been found out that PEGylated AuNPs provide optical enhancement of the characteristic vibrational bands of PEG molecules attached to the gold surface when they are excited with both visible (532 nm) and NIR (785 nm) laser lines. The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal does not depend on the length of the PEG molecular chain enveloping the AuNPs, and the stability of the colloid is not affected by the addition of concentrated salt solution (0.1 M NaCl), thus suggesting their potential use for in vitro and in vivo applications. Moreover, by gradually changing the chain length of the biopolymer, we were able to control nanoparticles’ surface charge from −28 to −2 mV, without any modification of the Raman enhancement properties and of the colloidal stability.

1. Introduction

The ability of tuning the physicochemical properties of different classes of metallic and/or semiconductor nanoparticles by controlling their size in the nanoscale put them in the limelight of the modern biomedical research. Over the past years, several classes of nanoparticles: quantum dots, polymer nanoparticles [1], dendrimers [2], liposomes [3], nanotubes [4], and nanorods [5], have been synthesized and characterized. Owing to their unique properties (enhancement of Raman signal, size-tunable surface plasmon resonance, ease of preparation and of surface functionalization), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become one of the most interesting candidates for modern biomedical applications such as biosensing, targeted drug delivery and photothermal therapy [6, 7]. So far several methods have been developed for the synthesis of AuNPs. The first developed method, also known as the citrate reduction method, has been proposed by Turkevich et al. in 1951 [8]. It allows the synthesis of almost monodisperse spherical gold nanoparticles, ranging in size from 10 to 50 nm. However this method has two major drawbacks: it cannot be used for the preparation of smaller nanoparticles and the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles is poorly defined. The two-phase synthesis developed by Brust et al. more than 40 years ago allowed the synthesis of smaller gold nanoparticles and their subsequent functionalization with thiolated molecules [9]. The success of this method is mainly due to the possibility of incorporating chemical functionalities on the nanoparticle surface as novel biomedical applications require nanoparticles functionalized with different species of biomolecules.

As a consequence, there is a strong demand for developing synthesis strategies capable of producing ready to use biocompatible nanoparticles in a facile, rapid, and cost friendly manner. On the other hand, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is nowadays one of the most used biopolimers, being a principal component in different classes of therapeutic agents which are already in clinical use. It is inexpensive, versatile, and FDA approved for clinical use in USA [10]. Two major advantages can be highlighted in the case of PEGylated nanoparticles with respect to the nonfunctionalized ones: a considerable increase in the circulation time and a much better hydrophilicity. The synthesis methods of PEGylated AuNPs reported in the literature so far are generally carried out in a two-step process involving the formation of spherical AuNPs (by employing toxic chemical reducing agents) followed by a subsequent addition of thiol modified PEG molecules [6].

We report herein a very simple, biocompatible, cost effective and rapid synthesis method of PEGylated AuNPs by using unmodified PEG which has a dual function, as a reducing and stabilizing agent. All the synthesis reactions were carried out in very mild conditions. By employing PEG of different chain lengths, we were able to tune the surface charge of the nanoparticles in an interval ranging between −28 and −2 mV in a very controllable and reproducible manner. It has turned out that the creation of an alkaline environment by using NaOH in the preparation method is an essential condition for the formation of AuNPs in a very rapid manner (few seconds) [11]. The as-prepared colloids have been investigated by UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential measurements, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals

Gold(III) chloride hydrate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). PEGs (HO–[CH₂–CH₂–O]_n–H) with different molecular weights (M = 200, 400, 1500, 4000, 6000, 10000, and 20000 kg/mol, hereafter denoted PEG200, 400, 1500, 4000, 6000, 10000, and 20000) were obtained from Carl Roth (Germany) and used without further purification. Sodium hydroxide was provided by VWR International. Double distilled water (18.2 MΩ, Barnstead EASYPure ROdi) was used as solvent.

2.2. Synthesis of Gold Colloids

The preparation of gold nanoparticles was performed by the addition of an aqueous HAuCl₄ solution to an aqueous PEG solution (of different molecular weights) containing NaOH. In a typical procedure, 340 μL of PEG200 and 0.75 mL of NaOH 1% were added to 45 mL of water in an Erlenmeyer glass and heated to 50°C on a magnetic stirrer with heating option. A 5 mL aqueous solution containing 19.7 mg HAuCl₄ was then added rapidly under vigorous stirring. The resulting solution was then slowly heated up to 80°C, where the transparent solution converted immediately to the characteristic ruby red color, which indicated the formation of PEG coated gold nanoparticles. A similar preparation method has been applied for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles with different molecular weight PEGs (i.e., 400, 1500, 4000, 6000, 10000, and 20000), keeping constant the amount of PEG, NaOH, and HAuCl₄. Since the PEG with molecular weight between 1500 and 20000 are found in solid form, 6 g of each was used in the preparation method. The pH values of all PEG reduced gold colloids right after the preparation were around 7.5 (Table 1). The gold nanoparticles biofunctionalized with PEG of different molecular weights are stable for months at room temperature without any change of their properties, indicating that the PEG is an efficient stabilizer for gold nanoparticles.

2.3. Nanoparticle Characterization

The prepared colloidal PEG-AuNPs were characterized by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential measurements, and surface enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS).

The UV-VIS spectra of the synthesized colloidal PEG-AuNPs were recorded on an UV-VIS-NIR diode array spectrometer (ABL&E Jasco, Japan), using standard quartz cells at room temperature, over a spectral range between 400 nm and 1000 nm and a spectral resolution of 2 nm. For TEM examination, 5 μL drops of aqueous suspensions containing PEG coated AuNPs were deposited on carbon-coated copper grids. After 15 minutes, the excess water was removed by the filter paper; then, the samples were left to dry under the ambient air. TEM images were taken on a Jeol JEM 1010 transmission electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), equipped with a Mega VIEW III camera (Olympus, Soft Imaging System, Münster, Germany), operating at 80 kV. The Zeta potential measurements were carried out by using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). Each sample was measured three times consecutively. The pH measurements were done by using an inoLab 7310 pH meter (Wissenschaftlich-Technische Werkstätten GmbH, Weilheim, Germany). Raman and SERS spectra were recorded using Advantage 532 and Advantage 785 Raman spectrometers (Delta Nu Inc., Laramie, WY) equipped with a doubled frequency Nd:YAG laser emitting at 532 nm (100 mW laser power) and a HeNe laser emitting at 785 nm (60 mW laser power), respectively. The spectral resolution of the two spectrometers was 5 cm⁻¹. All the Raman and the SERS spectra were recorded in 1 mL glass vials filled with 700 μL analyte solution. An accumulation time of 30 s was used, the final spectrum being the average of previous 5 recordings. The calculated molar concentration of PEG-coated AuNPs in the final solution was 1.2 × 10⁻⁶ M [12].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. UV-VIS Spectroscopy and TEM

The morphology of all the produced gold colloids has been characterized by using UV-VIS spectroscopy and TEM. The absorption maximum of the measured UV-VIS spectra of the colloidal solution gives information on the average particle size, whereas their full width at half-maximum (fwhm) can be used to estimate particle dispersion [13]. The UV-VIS spectra of the all prepared colloidal AuNPs (Figure 1, curves from A to G) exhibits a narrow and well-defined absorption band having the absorption maximum around 520 nm and a fwhm of about 50 nm (Table 1), indicating a narrow size and shape distribution of the AuNPs immediately after synthesis [14]. The values of the absorption maximum are a characteristic for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorbance of the spherical AuNPs induced by the interaction between the incoming light and the conduction electrons of the spherical metallic nanoparticle [15]. The blue/red shift of the SPR maximum is a consequence of a decrease/increase in the refractive index surrounding the AuNPs due to the modification of PEG molecular chain length in the preparation method [16]. The values of SPR maximum and their corresponding fwhm values did not change during several months, thus suggesting the high stability of the gold colloidal solutions. Moreover, the slight variation of these values indicates that spherical AuNPs coated with PEG of different molecular weight and with approximately similar particles size and dispersion could be reproducibly obtained.

Figure 1

UV-VIS spectroscopy: UV-VIS spectra of AuNPs coated with PEG200 (A), PEG400 (B), PEG1500 (C), PEG4000 (D), PEG6000 (E), PEG10000 (F), and PEG20000 (G). The inset displays the UV-VIS spectra of PEG4000-AuNPs obtained (A) by adding the NaOH to an aqueous solution of PEG4000 and HAuCl₄, (B) by adding the PEG4000 to an aqueous solution of HAuCl₄ and NaOH, and (C) by using half amount of PEG4000 in the preparation method. The single peak in all spectra indicates the successful formation of spherical PEGylated AuNPs. The order of NaOH addition in the preparation method does not influence the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles, while the amount of PEG does.

The TEM characterization of all prepared colloidal gold solutions supports the above experimental observations. Representative TEM images of colloidal gold nanoparticles coated with PEG200 and PEG4000 are given in Figure 2. In both cases the gold nanoparticles are predominantly spherical in shape, with a diameter between 10 nm and 80 nm. Moreover, by comparing the higher magnification TEM images taken in the case of two classes of PEGylated gold nanoparticles (AuPEG200 and AuPEG4000), it can be easily observed that most of the gold nanoparticles coated with either PEG200 or PEG4000 have similar sizes (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)). The average diameter in each case is about 30 nm. The 5 nm PEG layer, uniformly surrounding the gold core of a single nanoparticle and visible in the inset of the Figure 2(a), was included in the nanoparticles’ size estimation. A closer inspection of the TEM images taken on AuNPs coated with PEG200 shows up single PEGylated AuNPs, dimers, trimers (inset of Figure 2(a)) or small clusters apart from bigger random agglomerations. The AuNPs coated with PEG4000 randomly self-assemble in agglomerations as well (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)). Besides this, we have observed row of AuNPs in a few TEM images (inset of Figure 2(c)). We believe that the aggregation of PEGylated AuNPs in different patterns is induced by their adsorption on the surface. Upon water evaporation, the PEGylated AuNPs were adsorbed on the substrate and self-assembled through hydrogen bonds formed between PEG molecules. This is not the case in the solution, where the PEG molecules bounded to gold nanoparticles usually form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules increasing the hydrophilicity of these nanoparticles and preventing their agglomeration through steric repulsion. In addition, the PEGylated AuNPs possess a negative charge as confirmed by Zeta potential measurements (Table 1). The value of the negative surface charge gradually decreases by increasing the PEG chain length used in the preparation method. A surface charge value of −28.2 mV in the case of AuNPs coated with short-chain PEGs (PEG200) is a strong proof that the main mechanism responsible for colloidal stability is the electrostatic repulsion. Upon increasing the PEG chain length, the negative charge drops up to a minimum of −2 mV (for PEG20000-AuNPs), diminishing the electrostatic repulsion between the PEGylated nanoparticles. However, the stability of almost neutral AuNPs coated with long-chain PEG is now assured by the steric repulsion between the PEG chains that increases along with increasing PEG chain length. The very low value of nanoparticles surface charge could represent a major advantage in the case of their potential use in the biomedical applications since this class of PEGylated nanoparticles could strongly reduce their association with nontargeted serum and tissue proteins [10].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.2. The Role of NaOH

NaOH represents an important factor in the formation of the AuNPs since it generates –OH groups in the aqueous solution, shifting the solution pH towards an alkaline environment that promotes the very fast reduction of the Au³⁺ ions to Au⁰ atoms. Table 2 summarizes the evolution of the pH value of an aqueous solution of PEG4000-HAuCl₄ at 80°C, as a function of the amount of NaOH added to the solution. As expected, the solution pH gradually increases as the amount of NaOH in the solution is increased. For a very low amount of NaOH, the color of the solution is transparent, changing to light blue for 0.3 mL of NaOH (1%). Upon further addition of NaOH, the light blue converts to dark blue, dark purple, and for 0.65 mL of NaOH (solution pH of 7.127), the color becomes ruby red, indicating the formation of the spherical AuNPs. At this point the ruby red color persists as the amount of NaOH in the solution is further increased. The shift of the solution pH to higher values accelerates the decomposition of AuCl₃ and consequently the reduction of gold ions by PEG. Most probably, this occurs through the oxidation of the hydroxyl end groups to aldehyde groups, as it has already been proposed for PEGylated silver nanoparticles [17, 18]. The absence of NaOH from the PEG-HAuCl₄ aqueous solution makes impossible the formation of PEGylated spherical AuNPs in a very short time. It might be possible that, under vigorous stirring at elevated temperatures, the formation of PEGylated spherical AuNPs could be accomplished in a very long period of time as it was the case for silver nanoparticles [16, 19, 20]. Such a synthesis method is beyond the purpose of the current study.

In order to strengthen the major role of NaOH in accelerating the formation of PEGylated AuNPs, we have added the NaOH solution at different stages in the preparation method. The rapid addition of NaOH on the aqueous solution containing PEG4000 and HAuCl₄ heated at 80°C leads to the formation of stable PEGylated AuNPs (inset of Figure 1, curve A). When an aqueous solution of PEG4000 is added to an aqueous solution containing HAuCl₄ and NaOH at 50°C and further heated at 80°C, the formation of spherical AuNPs does not proceed immediately. During 10 minutes at boiling conditions the transparent solution converted slowly into the characteristic ruby red color, indicating the formation of spherical PEG coated AuNPs (inset of Figure 1, curve B). Therefore, the order in which the NaOH is introduced in the preparation method seems to have a minor impact on the formation of PEGylated AuNPs.

3.3. The Role of PEG

The formation of AuNPs was also investigated by changing the amount of PEG in the preparation method. By reducing to half the initial amount of PEG4000 (6 g to 3 g), a shoulder at 610 nm appears in the UV-VIS spectrum (inset of Figure 1, curve C) near the SPR band of spherical AuNPs. This suggests the existence in the colloidal solution of AuNPs with a different shape. The use of only 1 g of PEG4000 in the preparation method induces the formation of AuNPs, but these nanoparticles are not stable aggregating in a very short period. Therefore, the amount of PEG plays an important role in both formation and stabilization of spherical AuNPs. Moreover, 1 g of PEG4000 yields an OH/Au³⁺ molar ratio of 5, a value which is very close to that obtained by using 6 g of PEG20000, which produces well-defined spherical AuNPs (Figure 1 curve G). It turns out that the PEG chain length also contributes to the stabilization of spherical AuNPs.

3.4. SERS Measurements

The promising biomedical applications of PEGylated spherical AuNPs as Raman tags require an assessment of their SERS properties. Normally, molecules with strong Raman signals that bound to the gold nanoparticles are used to probe the SERS activity of the as-prepared gold colloids [21]. This was not our case, since the SERS spectra were directly acquired on the aqueous solution of PEG reduced AuNPs by using both 532 and 785 laser lines (Figures 3 and 4). The Raman spectrum of pure PEG200 was chosen as a reference for the characterization of SERS activity of the PEG-reduced gold colloids. The Raman spectrum is dominated by strong phonon bands over all the spectral range (Figures 3 and 4), and their assignment can be found in the literature [22]. As it can be observed in Figure 3, all the characteristic vibrational bands of PEG can be identified in the SERS spectra acquired with the 532 nm laser line. For this excitation wavelength, the AuNPs adsorb resonantly the maximum light and consequently enhance the vibrational bands of the PEG molecules adsorbed onto the nanoparticles surface. A slightly different situation has been observed in the case of AuNPs coated with PEG200 and 400, where the enhancement has been observed only for three vibrational bands (494 cm⁻¹, 1643 cm⁻¹, and 3158 cm⁻¹). This might indicate a different adsorption geometrical conformation of PEG200 and 400 at the gold nanoparticle surface with respect to the rest of PEG polymers employed in the synthesis [10]. It was shown that depending on the density of PEG molecules covering the gold surface they can adopt two different geometrical arrangements [10]: high molecular PEG density (PEG200 and 400) promotes a brush type arrangement—the PEG molecules are perpendicular to the gold surface—while a low molecular PEG density (PEG 1500 to 20000) gives rise to a mushroom conformation—the PEG molecules lie parallel the gold surface. All the vibrational bands of PEG are missed in the SERS spectra of these nanoparticles excited with 785 laser line. Instead, the SERS spectra acquired on colloidal AuNPs coated with PEG1500 to 20000 exhibit characteristic vibrational bands of PEG. The bands between 800 cm⁻¹ and 900 cm⁻¹ (skeleton vibration of PEG) as well as the band at 1138 cm⁻¹ (twisting vibration of CH₂) dominate over the entire spectral range, while other vibrational bands of PEG appear faintly in the SERS spectra. This could be explained by the fact that, at NIR excitation wavelength, the system is not anymore in a surface enhanced resonant Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) regime (as it was the case when employing the 532 nm excitation laser line) but in a simple SERS one. However, the importance of using this excitation laser in the biomedical applications resides in the fact that two major components of human body (hemoglobin and water) have a minimal absorption at this wavelength [23]. As a further proof of their possible use as Raman tags, we have acquired the SERS spectra of all colloidal solutions upon the addition of concentrated salt solution (NaCl 0.1 M). It has been observed that all the SERS spectra do not change, meaning that the PEG layer protects the AuNPs from aggregation (not shown). These observations indicate that the as-obtained PEGylated AuNPs enable the enhancement of the characteristical vibrational bands of PEG, thus showing their potential use of these nanoparticles as Raman tags without further attachment of a reporter molecule. The achievement of a NIR Raman enhancement extends the potential applications of these nanoparticles for in vivo spectroscopic detection.

4. Conclusions

In this paper we have proposed a rapid, one-step and green method for the synthesis of the AuNPs biofunctionalized with unmodified PEG molecules. The UV-VIS spectra have showed that the PEG of different molecular weights in conjunction with NaOH has a remarkable capability to produce spherical PEGylated AuNPs at 80°C with a great stability in time. The alkaline environment, created by the addition of a certain amount of NaOH in the solution, favors the very fast formation of spherical PEGylated AuNPs. By varying the chain length of the PEG molecules used in the preparation method, we were able to finely tune the surface charge of the as-obtained spherical PEGylated AuNPs in a range between −28 mV and −2 mV. The SERS measurements (acquired with two laser lines: 532 nm and 785 nm) have shown that all PEGylated AuNPs have a characteristic Raman spectrum, thus enabling them to be used as Raman tags without further attachment of a Raman report.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCDU, Project no. PN-II-RU TE 259/2010 and Project no. PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0954.

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Copyright © 2013 Rares Stiufiuc et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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