Review Article

-Based Photocatalytic Process for Purification of Polluted Water: Bridging Fundamentals to Applications

Table 2

Doping of TiO2 for the enhanced photocatalytic activity.

Doped TiO2Doping methodReferences

N-doped TiO2Sol-gel method; microwave hydrothermal method[3436]
Si-doped TiO2Hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide[102, 103]
Si-doped TiO2/ZrO2Sol-gel method[37]
S-doped TiO2 nanoparticlesHydrothermal method[38]
doped TiO2 filmsHydrothermal method[39]
N/S co-doped TiO2Manual grinding of thiourea and urea[104]
S-doped TiO2/Ti electrodeAnodization method[105]
S-doped TiO2-ZrO2 nanoparticlesSol-gel method[40]
C–N-doped TiO2 nanotubeChemical vapor deposition
(CVD)
[61]
Se(IV) on Degussa P25Wet impregnation[33]
Al(III)-doped TiO2Sol-gel method[106]
V-doped TiO2Sol-gel method[107]
Fe-doped TiO2Hydrothermal method[62]
Polypyrrole/Fe-doped TiO2Sol-gel method, emulsion polymerization[108]
Er3+: YAlO3/Fe- and Co-doped TiO2Sol-gel method[109]
Cu2+-doped TiO2/SiO2Sol-gel method[110]
ZnFe2O4 on TiO2Sol-gel method[111]
Ag doped TiO2Photoreduction using the sacrificial acid[112]
Ag/F-TiO2Sol-gel method; photoreduction method[113]
Ag-TiO2-xNxSol-gel method[114]
Sn-doped TiO2Sol-gel method[115]
Lanthanide ions-doped TiO2Sol-gel method[116]
La3+/Zr4+ co-doped TiO2Sol-microwave method, oil-bath condition synthesis[117]
Ce-doped TiO2Sol-gel method[118]
Ce-doped TiO2 microspheressolvothermal method[67]
Nd/F doped TiO2Sol-gel method[119]
W-doped TiO2Solvothermal method[120]
W-TiO2 filmsLiquid phase deposition (LPD)[121]
W/N co-doped TiO2 nanoparticlesSol-hydrothermal method[122]
Bi-doped TiO2Sol-gel method[123]
C-dope TiO2 powdersOxidative annealing of TiC[41]