Abstract
Nanocrystals of ZnS have been synthesized through simple chemical precipitation method using thiourea as sulphur source. The synthesized products were annealed at different temperatures in the range of 200–800∘C. The as-synthesized and annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible absorption (UV-Vis), and room temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The morphological features of ZnS annealed at 200 and 500∘C were studied by atomic force microscope (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. The phase transformation of ZnS and formation of ZnO were confirmed by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves.
1. Introduction
Wide bandgap semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted the scientific community in the past two decades because of their size dependent properties and diverse applications [1–3]. In semiconductor nanoparticles, bandgap energy can be tuned by slight variation in size and composition, which enables them to be used in variety of applications like photo catalysis, imaging, solar cells, and so forth with an increase in efficiency [4, 5]. A simultaneous control of structure and morphology of semiconductor nanocrystals provides opportunities to tune and explore their optical properties. Therefore, structure and morphology control are of great interest in the development of semiconductor nanocrystals. Zinc sulphide is a wide bandgap II-VI group semiconductor material of cubic and hexagonal morphologies with bandgaps of 3.72 eV [6] and 3.77 eV [7], respectively, at room temperatures. ZnS has wide range of applications owing to its fluorescence properties [8–13].
Annealing treatments are very common in semiconductor processing. The annealing can be used to improve the crystal quality and to confirm the stability of the crystal at a given temperature, which is important for device purposes. An annealing treatment is quite effective for reproducible size control of ZnS nanocrystals [14]. In this work, we report the effect of annealing temperature on the structural and morphological properties of ZnS nanocrystals prepared by simple chemical precipitation method.
2. Experimental
2.1. Preparation of ZnS Nanoparticle
All the chemicals used in this study are of AR grade with 99% purity (Merck and SD fine chemicals) and used without further purification. Ultrapure water was used for all dilution and sample preparation. Zinc acetate dihydrate [Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O] and thiourea [CH4N2S] were used as precursors.
The process to prepare Zns nanoparticle is as follows. In this synthesis process, zinc and sulfur sources were taken in 1 : 1.5 molar ratios. For this 3 g of zinc acetate in 50 mL aqueous was stirred magnetically at 80°C until homogeneous solution was obtained. Then 3 g thiourea in 50 mL of aqueous was added drop by drop to the above solution. After stirring for 2 hours a colorless crystal cleared solution was formed. Then the solution was placed inside a hot air oven at a temperature of 130°C for 5 hours and then cooled down to room temperature. The resulting precipitates were filtered off and washed several times in water and ethanol and the final products were dried in hot air oven at 80°C for 2 hours. The samples were then heat-treated at the rate of 10°C/min for 2 hours and held at temperatures in the range of 200, 400, 500, 600, and 800°C.
Nanocrystals of ZnS have been synthesized through simple chemical precipitation method using thiourea as sulphur source. The synthesized products were annealed at different temperatures in the range of 200–800°C mentioned above.
2.2. Measurements
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the powdered samples were recorded using X’ PERT PRO diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation ( Å). The crystallite size was estimated using the Scherrer equation. The optical absorption spectra of all the samples in deionized water were recorded using LAMDA 25 PERKIN ELMER spectrometer. Fluorescence measurements were performed on a VARIAN spectrophotometer. The morphology of the product was observed by Nano Surf Easy Scan 2 atomic force microscope (AFM). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis was performed using JEOL 3010 HRTEM to study the morphology and size of the nanocrystals. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) studies have been performed using Perkin Elmer Diamond TGA/DTA instrument at a heating rate of 20°C/min in air.
3. Results and Discussion
The XRD patterns of starting material as well as those of annealed samples are recorded in the scan range 2θ = 10–80°. In the case of starting material, three diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 28.5°, 48°, and 57° appeared due to reflection from the (111), (220), and (311) planes of the cubic (zinc blende) phase of ZnS (Figure 1). This result suggests that the crystal structure of the sample is in good accordance with that of the Zinc blende ZnS of the standard card (JCPDS card no-05-566). The particle size was determined to be 8.65 nm from the width of the diffraction peaks corresponding to (111), (220), and (311) planes by using the well-known Scherrer equation: where is wavelength of X-ray (1.5406 Å), is FWHM in radian, and is Bragg’s angle in degree.
From Figure 1 it is clear that, at 200°C, the sample is still in its cubic phase with broadened XRD peaks. The broadening of the diffraction peaks results from the decrease of particle size. The average particle size was determined to be 5.96 nm. As we increase the temperature to 400°C, phase transformation of ZnS has been taken place. As a result of transformation cubic phase of ZnS is changed into hexagonal ZnS. It is also seen in Figure 1 that at 400°C a faint portion of wurtzite ZnO has been formed and is indicated by the planes (100), (002), and (101).
The XRD patterns of all the four high temperature annealed samples match well with JCPDS numbers 36–1405 (for hexagonal ZnS) and 36–1451 (for hexagonal ZnO). However, ZnS wurtzite phase completely disappears and wurtzite ZnO appeared when the annealing temperature was brought to 500°C. This result reveals that 500°C is the temperature essential to the conversion from ZnS to ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of air [15]. The average particle size of the ZnO was determined from the diffractions peaks and found to be 22.82 nm.
Hence it is concluded that as a result of increase in annealing temperature formation of ZnO speeds up, and the transformation is completed at 500°C. On further increase in the annealing temperature up to 800°C, the diffraction peaks are found to narrow down as compared to those of the samples annealed at 500°C indicating the growth of bulk crystallites. The average crystallite sizes are 32.60 and 66.49 nm for the samples annealed at 600 and 800°C, respectively.
The optical properties of semiconductor materials are directly determined by the size and shape of the particles. We demonstrated the optical properties of as-synthesized and annealed products using a combination of UV-Visible and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. As shown in Figure 2, absorption peaks around 282, 278, 316, 333, 348, and 367 nm were noted corresponding to as-synthesized ZnS and ZnS annealed at 200, 400, 500, 600, and 800°C, respectively. In comparison with the absorption edge of as-synthesized ZnS, the absorption maximum of the sample annealed at 200°C was found to be blue-shifted by 4 nm. Such a shift in the optical absorption spectrum is known to take place owing to quantum confinement effect, which occurs in the case of nanoparticles when the particle size becomes comparable with or smaller than Bohr radius of exciton [16]. The ZnS nanoparticles annealed at 200°C have size less than the Bohr exciton diameter of ZnS, which is around 5.96 nm. According to the formula eV, the bandgaps were calculated and are 4.39, 4.46, 3.92, 3.72, 3.56, and 3.40 eV, respectively, for as-synthesized ZnS and ZnS annealed at different temperatures.
The bandgap of ZnS annealed at 200°C has been increased (4.46 eV) when compared with the bandgap of as-synthesized ZnS (4.39 eV) as a result of quantum confinement. This result suggests that 200°C is the optimum annealing temperature for the harvest of narrow sized ZnS nanocrystals. In addition, the bandgap value of the sample annealed at 500°C (3.72 eV) is higher than that of bulk value of ZnO (3.37 eV), which confirms the conversion of ZnS into ZnO as a result of oxidation of ZnS. However, beyond 200°C the bandgap of the samples decreases with increase in annealing temperature.
The room temperature PL spectra of the as-prepared and annealed ZnS nanoparticles are shown in Figure 3. The as-prepared ZnS exhibits three emission peaks positioned at ~349 nm, ~407 nm, and ~540 nm. The emission at ~349 nm is attributed to the near-band-edge emission of ZnS [17]. The peak observed at around ~407 nm can be attributed to the recombination of electrons at surface sulfur vacancy with the holes at the valance band. The emission at ~540 nm could be attributed to some self-activated defect centres related to Zn-vacancies [18]. In samples annealed at 200°C, the PL emission peaks are shifted to higher wavelength regions compared to as-synthesized samples. The shifts in PL peaks are attributed to the variation of bandgap as annealing temperature increases as mentioned in UV-Visible absorption studies. Particularly the peak positioned at 540 nm in as-synthesized ZnS was shifted (578 nm) with enhanced intensity. The red shift can be attributed to quantum size effect owing to small particle size and the enhanced intensity reveals that PL spectra are consistent with XRD result of ZnS annealed at 200°C.
The emission intensity at 578 nm may be due to the recombination of electrons from the energy level of sulfur vacancies with the holes from the energy level of zinc vacancies. At an annealing temperature of 400°C, there is no change in the positions of the peaks but the intensity of them has been enhanced. Further, annealing at 500°C revealed three emission peaks at 413, 470, and 670 nm. The emission at 413 nm is attributed to near-band-edge emission of ZnO originating from excitonic transitions of between electrons in the conduction bands and the holes in the valence bands [19–21]. The emissions at 470 nm and 670 nm are probably ascribed to oxygen vacancies or other defects [22, 23]. The positions of the emission bands are unchanged as the annealing temperature is raised from 500 to 600°C and then to 800°C. This suggests that these emission bands are weakly associated with the bandgap properties. On the other hand, as far as the intensity is concerned, the intensity of the emission peaks has been enhanced with raise in annealing temperature which means that the oxygen vacancy concentration increases after annealing at high temperatures.
The surface morphology and particle size of the ZnS annealed at 200 and 500°C were studied by AFM. The two- and three-dimensional images of the ZnS annealed at 200°C are shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(b). From the two-dimensional view it is noted that most of the particles are well separated from each other and are spherical in shape. The sizes of the particles are in the range of 2.5–27.5 nm. However, most of the particles are in the range of 5–15 nm. The size obtained from the AFM matched well in accordance with the XRD and TEM results. The 3D view revealed that the growth direction of all the particles was the same.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 4(c) shows the AFM image of ZnS nanoparticles after being annealed at 500°C. As can be seen in the figure, the spherical shape of the nanocrystals does not changes upon annealing, whereas the morphology at the nanoscale exhibits dramatic changes. As a result of high temperature annealing, the size of the particles has been increased due to agglomeration. The size is ranging between 10 and 65 nm. However, most of them are in the range of 30 nm. The 3D view (Figure 4(d)) exhibits the inhomogeneous growth pattern of the samples.
The morphology and sizes of the nanocrystals are confirmed from TEM studies, as shown in Figure 5. Figure 5(a) indicates the HRTEM image of the samples annealed at 200°C, revealing the formation of almost monodispersed nanocrystals with average diameter ~2 nm. TEM measurements of ZnS (Figures 5(b) and 5(c)) annealed at 200°C show the agglomerated, nearly spherical particles with size variation between 10 and 15 nm. Figure 5(d) depicts the selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the sample annealed at 200°C. All the diffraction rings were indexed to those of spherical phase of ZnS in agreement with the XRD patterns. The clear lattice fringes display indicates that the nanoparticles are good crystals. The (111) lattice planes of some particles can mainly be observed and this lattice spacing is estimated to be about 0.310 nm from HRTEM image, which is consistent with the cubic ZnS (111) spacing value (0.312 nm) from standard JCPDS database.
The TEM measurements of ZnO (ZnS annealed at 500°C) are shown in Figure 6. Figure 6(a) specifies the HRTEM image of the ZnS annealed at 500°C, revealing the formation of ZnO nanocrystals with diameter ~2 nm. In addition the HRTEM shows that the lattice fringes are separated by a diameter of 0.26 nm, representing the interplanar distance of the (101) lattice plane of ZnO hexagonal phase. TEM images of the ZnO show (Figures 6(b) and 6(c)) that the sizes of the individual particles are in the range of 25 to 80 nm. The SAED pattern shows the well-defined electron diffraction spots, confirming the single crystalline nature of the hexagonal phase of ZnO nanocrystals.
The deviation in the size of the nanoparticles measured by AFM and TEM from Debye-Scherrer calculation may be due to difference in the film preparation and detection technique. When preparing thin flim for AFM or TEM techniques, the smaller nanoparticles may physically contact each other to form larger size particle [24]. It is a well-established fact that precision of crystallite size analysis by Debye-Scherrer calculations, as best, of the order of ±10% [25, 26].
The thermal stability of the synthesized product was investigated by TG-DTA, as shown in Figure 7. The TGA showed four distinct weight losses arising from desorption of water (below 200°C), the decomposition of organic template (200–300°C), the phase transformation of ZnS (300–500°C), and the formation of ZnO due to oxidation of ZnS (500–800°C). After 800°C there was no weight loss until 1200°C.
From the DTA curve, there exists an endothermic peak at 180°C that may be due to removal of water molecules. A sharp endothermic peak at 220°C could be due to the removal of residual organics. As the temperature increases to 340°C, a small endothermic peak appeared as a result of starting of phase transformation of ZnS. A wide exothermic peak between 300 and 700°C with a maximum at 500°C was noted. The maximum at 500°C explains the formation of ZnO as a result of oxidation of ZnS. During oxidation enormous amount of energy is released in the form of heat. The wideness of the exothermic peak was due to the growth of the particles and the energy was, therefore released [27]. As the temperature was over 800°C, the whole system tended to be endothermic. It could be assumed that sulfur atoms escape from the zinc sulfide lattice completely and therefore absorb energy.
4. Conclusions
In the present work, the influence of thermal annealing on the structural, optical, and morphological features of ZnS nanocrystals was investigated. XRD patterns show the formation of 5.96 nm sized sphere-like cubic ZnS nanocrystals at 200°C. However, annealing at 500°C in air converts ZnS into ZnO as a result of oxidation. UV-Visible absorption peaks suggest that beyond 200°C the bandgap of the sample decreases with increase in annealing temperature. The room temperature PL measurements of as-synthesized and annealed samples exhibit that the intensity of the emission peaks has been enhanced with raise in annealing temperature which means that the oxygen vacancy concentration increases after annealing at high temperatures. The surface morphology of ZnS and ZnO was studied by atomic force microscope. The AFM results reveal that particle agglomeration increases with increase of annealing temperature. The periodic layer nanometer structures of ZnS and ZnO were identified by high resolution transmission electron microcopy (HR-TEM) images, with thickness of ~2 nm. TEM measurements of ZnS annealed at 200°C show the agglomerated, nearly spherical particles with size variation between 10 and 15 nm, whereas micrographs of the ZnS annealed at 500°C show that the sizes of the individual particles are in the range of 25 to 80 nm. The phase transformation of ZnS and formation of ZnO were confirmed by TG-DTA curves.