Preparation of Smooth Surface TiO₂ Photoanode for High Energy Conversion Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Figure 1

SEM images of (a) a-TiO₂ nansol film, (b) P-25 TiO₂ film, (c) ST-01 film, and (d) ST-21 film, ((e), (f), (g), and (h)) SEM images at higher magnification (×20,000) of samples (a), (b), (c), and (d), respectively.