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Type and concentration of nanomaterial | Dispersion techniquea | Improvement in micro-structure and mechanical properties | Researchers and reference |
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MWCNT, 1.0 wt.% | Ultrasonication | Total porosity and surface area decreased by 16% and 23% |
Nochaiya and Chaipanich [107] |
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CNT, 1.0 wt.%, and fly ash cement | Ultrasonication | Compressive strength improved by 10% | Chaipanich et al. [120] |
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MWCNT, 0.5 wt.% | Functionalization with HNO3/H2SO4 mixture and direct mixing with cement | Compressive and flexural strength improved by 19% and 25%, total porosity reduced by 64%, and pores with diameter >50 nm reduced by 82% | Li et al. [101] |
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MWCNT, 0.5 wt.% | Solvent (acetone) and ultrasonication | Compressive strength improved by 11% and 17% for pristine and annealed CNTs | Musso et al. [112] |
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Short MWCNT, 0.2 wt.% | Ultrasonication and superplasticizer | Flexural strength and ductility improved by 269% and 81% | Al-Rub et al. [109] |
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MWCNT, 0.08 wt.% | Ultrasonication and surfactant | Young′s modulus and flexural strength improved by 45% and 25% | Konsta-Gdoutos et al. [81] |
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CNF, 0.048 wt.% | Ultrasonication at optimum conditions and surfactant | Flexural strength and Young′s modulus improved by 50% and 75% | Metaxa et al. [110] |
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MWCNT, 0.2 wt.% | Magnetic stirring, ultrasonication, and surfactant (NaDC) | Flexural and compressive strength improved by 35.4% and 29.5% | Luo et al. [83] |
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MWCNT, 0.5 wt.% | Magnetic stirring, ultrasonication, and polycarboxylate admixture | Compressive strength improved by 25% | Collins et al. [90] |
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MWCNT, 0.045 wt.% | Carboxylic functionalization, ultrasonication, and polyacrylic acid polymer | Compressive strength improved by 50% | Cwirzen et al. [86] |
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Hybrid CNT-cement particle | CNT growth onto cement particles | Compressive strength improved more than 2 times | Nasibulin et al. [104] |
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CNT (0.02 wt.%) and NMK (6 wt.%) | Dry mixing with cement | Compressive strength improved by 11% than mortar containing NMK | Morsy et al. [121] |
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CNF (0.048 wt.%) and PVA micro-fibres (0.54 wt.%) | Ultrasonication and surfactant | Flexural strength, Young′s modulus, and toughness improved by 50%, 84%, and 33 times | Metaxa et al. [82] |
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CNF (0.5 wt.%) and short carbon fibres | Acetone, ultrasonication, and surfactant | Load carrying capacity and failure strain improved by 54% and 44% | Hunashyal et al. [126] |
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