The Effect of Nanofluid Volume Concentration on Heat Transfer and Friction Factor inside a Horizontal Tube

Table 1

Thermal conductivity enhancement.

Year	Nanofluid	Used studies conducted	Reference
1993	4.3% (Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2) dispersed in water	26%, 7%, and 11% enhancement in thermal conductivity	Masuda et al. [37]
1999	4% CuO, Al2O3 dispersed in water	20% enhancement in thermal conductivity	Lee et al. [38]
2000	2.5–7.5% (Cu nanoparticles)-water	Thermal conductivity ratio varies from 1.24 to 1.78%	Xuan and Li [39]
2001	Cu nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol	Effective thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol improved by up to 40% through the dispersion on 0.3% Cu nanoparticles	Eastman et al. [40]
2007	CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in water (effect of temperature)	4 vol%. Al2O3 dispersed water nanofluids thermal conductivity raise 9.4% to 24.3% at increase in temperature from 21 to 51°C	Das et al. [1]
2006	5% dispersing TiO2 sphere, rod	30–33% enhancement in thermal conductivity	Murshed et al. [41]
2006	1% CuO-ethylene glycol; Dispersing 1 vol.% SiO2-water; Dispersing 1 vol.% carbon nanotube	5% enhancement; 3% enhancement in water based nanofluid; 7% enhancement in water based nanofluid	Hwang et al. [42]
2007	(0.1–2%) Graphite 106 nm + water	10–37% thermal conductivity enhancement	Zhu et al. [43]
2008	Water + EG (1% volume concentration)	31% thermal conductivity enhancement	Karthikeyan et al. [44]
2009	4% Al2O3 (15–50 nm) + water; 4% Cu (25–60 nm) + water	13% enhance thermal conductivity; 15% enhance thermal conductivity	Wang and Li. [45]
2010	0.5% Al2O3-water	Enhancement thermal conductivity 31%	Sundar and Sharma. [8]
2013	0.1% alumina dispersed in ethylene glycol and propylene glycol	Thermal conductivity enhancement ratios are 38.71% and 40.2%, respectively, for ethylene glycol and propylene glycol	Dehkordi et al. [46]
2012	Cu dispersed with aqueous solution of cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride/sodium salicylate	Thermal conductivity increases with increasing temperature and increasing particle volume fraction	Priya et al. [47]
2013	Al2O3-water	Thermal conductivity and specific heat enhancement	Barbés et al. [48]