The Key Role of pH Value in the Synthesis of Titanate Nanotubes-Loaded Manganese Oxides as a Superior Catalyst for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH<sub>3</sub>

Chen, Xiongbo; Cen, Chaoping; Tang, Zhixiong; Zeng, Wenhao; Chen, Dingsheng; Fang, Ping; Chen, Zhihang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/871528

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications

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Volume 2013 | Article ID 871528 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/871528

The Key Role of pH Value in the Synthesis of Titanate Nanotubes-Loaded Manganese Oxides as a Superior Catalyst for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH₃

Xiongbo Chen,¹Chaoping Cen,¹Zhixiong Tang,¹Wenhao Zeng,¹Dingsheng Chen,¹Ping Fang,¹and Zhihang Chen¹

Academic Editor: Fan Dong

Received30 Nov 2013

Accepted13 Dec 2013

Published25 Dec 2013

Abstract

Titanate nanotubes (TNTs) synthesized by hydrothermal method were increasingly used as the catalyst support for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia. This paper reports the critical process of postwashing to prepare satisfactory TNTs for the uses of SCR catalysts. Herein, alkaline TNTs (TNTs-AL), acidic TNTs (TNTs-AC), and neutral TNTs (TNTs-NE) were synthesized by controlling washing pH value. When these TNTs were utilized as the catalyst supports for manganese oxides (Mn/TNTs-AL, Mn/TNTs-AC, and Mn/TNTs-NE), the key role of pH value was found. Titanate nanosheets, titanate nanorods and titanate nanotubes were dominated in Mn/TNTs-AL, Mn/TNTs-AC, and Mn/TNTs-NE, respectively. MnO₂ crystal was observed when using TNTs-AC or TNTs-NE as the support. By contrast, Mn₃O₄ and NaNO₃ were observed when using TNTs-AL as the support. Mn/TNTs-NE showed the best SCR activity, in line with the largest surface area, the best dispersion, and the most active redox property of manganese oxides. Mn/TNTs-AL showed negligible SCR activity, resulting from the minimum surface area, the Mn₃O₄-dominating crystal structure, and the bad dispersion of manganese oxides.

1. Introduction

In recent years, particular interest has been given to the catalytic application of nanotubular materials including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and titanate nanotubes (TNTs) [1, 2]. The tubular channels of these materials act as confined places for both the growth of active particles and catalytic reaction [3, 4]. In confined circumstances, the redox property of active particles can be tuned and a unique metal-support interaction may occur [5–7]. Furthermore, the interaction between reactants and products within the confined places is enhanced [1, 3, 4]. All these unique properties make nano-tubular materials be promising supports for catalysts.

TiO₂, mostly nanoparticles, has been one of the most popular supports for both photocatalysts and thermocatalysts [8]. With respect to DeNOx catalysts, which are catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of with ammonia, TiO₂ is preferable to other commonly used supports, for example, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ due to the reversible combination with SO₂, which is beneficial to preventing SO₂ deactivation [9]. The catalyst system V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂ or V₂O₅–MoO₃/TiO₂ is world widely used for removing from stationary sources. In the meantime, the existing problems including toxicity of vanadium pentoxide, relatively high operation temperature, and N₂O formation become huge concerns [10–12]. Therefore nonvanadium SCR catalysts have been a hot area of research. Since the successful synthesis by hydrothermal method, titanate nanotubes were promptly used as supports for DeNOx catalysts [2, 13]. Wang et al. found that ceria confined in TNTs showed a superiority in SCR of NO due to the improved redox potential and special adsorption of NH₃ [14, 15]. Nian et al. synthesized Cu loaded TNTs with high activity for the SCR of NO and believed that the specific feature and layered structure of TNTs facilitated the Cu dispersion and the formation of solid solution [16]. Yao et al. investigated the performance of manganese supported on titanate nanotubes for the low-temperature SCR of NO and confirmed the superiority of TNTs to TiO₂ nanopowder [17]. These TNTs-supported DeNOx catalysts are good attempts to explore non-vanadium SCR catalysts [18].

The hydrothermal synthesis of titanate nanotubes is typically divided into four steps: pretreatment of reagent, hydrothermal reaction, posttreatment washing, and drying [13, 19]. It is worth noting that the posttreatment washing process is one of the key steps affecting the structure and the composition of the final products [20]. It was proved by Tsai and Teng and Yang et al. that substitution occurred during the washing process and the structural transformation of titanate nanosheets titanate nanotubes anatase TiO₂ could be observed, together with the change of elementary composition [20–22]. So it is reasonable that the posttreatment washing process will greatly affect the final property of the TNTs-supported DeNOx catalysts, including the structure, the chemical state of active species, and the SCR activity.

Herein, three different types of TNTs named alkaline TNTs (TNTs-AL), acidic TNTs (TNTs-AC), and neutral TNTs (TNTs-NE) are synthesized and used as catalyst supports for manganese. These catalysts are characterized systematically by SCR activity test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and so on. Afterwards, the variation of physicochemical property and catalytic performance are discussed systemically.

2. Experimental

2.1. Support Preparation

Commercial available P25 TiO₂ (Degussa, Germany) was chosen as precursor for the synthesis of TNTs by hydrothermal method. P25 was mixed with 10 mol/L NaOH solution and then transferred to a Teflon lined autoclave. Then, hydrothermal treatment was conducted at 140°C for 24 h. Following the hydrothermal reaction, the filtered precipitate was washed according to the special requirements. TNTs-AL were washed with 0.1 mol/L HCl solution to pH value near 12. TNTs-AC were washed with 0.1 mol/L HCl solution to pH value near 2. TNTs-NE were washed firstly with 0.1 mol/L HCl solution to pH value near 2 and secondly with distilled water to pH value near 7. After the postwashing process, the mixture was filtrated and then dried in oven at 80°C for 12 h.

2.2. Catalyst Preparation

Mn/TNTs catalysts with different TNTs supports were prepared by a wetness impregnation technique. Mn(NO₃)₂·4H₂O was selected as the precursor for manganese oxides. 5 mL aqueous solution of 50 wt.% Mn(NO₃)₂·4H₂O was diluted with 100 mL deionized water, in which 4 g of the prepared TNTs was impregnated. The mixture was dried at 80°C for 12 h and then calcined at 400°C in air for 3 h.

2.3. Catalyst Characterization

The specific surface areas of the Mn/TNTs catalysts were measured by using a nitrogen adsorption apparatus (ASAP 2020, USA). The samples were degassed at 200°C for 6 h under vacuum. Total pore size distributions were measured from the N₂ desorption isotherm using the cylindrical pore model. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with Al Kα X-ray (hm = 1486.6 eV) radiation operated at 150 W (XPS: Thermo ESCALAB250, USA) was used to investigate the surface properties of the samples. The shift in the binding energy due to relative surface charging was corrected using the C 1s level at 284.8 eV as an internal standard.

The crystalline phase of the samples was characterized by using an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Co., Japan) with Cu Kα radiation ( nm). The scattering angle was = 10°–80° with step size of 0.02°/s. The morphology, structure, and grain size of the samples were examined by TEM (JEM-2010, Japan).

Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments were carried out using a TP-5085 supplied by Tianjin Xianquan Industry and Trade Development Co. Ltd, China. 0.05 g of sample was placed in the middle of quartz tube and held in position with silica wool. Prior to TPR experiments, the sample was heated to 400°C with a dwelling time of 1 h and then cooled to 100°C. The process was operated with purge of flowing N₂ gas at the rate of 28.5 mL/min⁻¹. The TPR runs were then carried out with the linear heating rate 10°C/min in pure N₂ containing 4% H₂ at flow rate of 28.5 mL/min. With respect to TPD experiments, 0.1 g of sample was pre-treated at 400°C for 1 h, cooled to room temperature like TPR, and then saturated with anhydrous NH₃ (4% in N₂) at flow rate of 10 mL/min for about 30 min. Desorption was carried out by heating the sample in N₂ from 70 to 800°C with heating rate at 10°C/min.

2.4. Catalytic Activity Tests

Catalytic experiments were carried out between 150 and 470°C using a fixed-bed quartz reactor with an 8 mm inner diameter under atmospheric pressure. The feed streams were as follows: 700 ppm NO, 700 ppm NH₃, 4% O₂, and balanced with N₂ as the carrier gas with a total flow rate of 1.8 L/min. After crushing and sieving, 500 mg of catalyst in the range of 40–60 mesh was used in each experiment. NO, NO₂, N₂O, and O₂ concentrations were monitored by an infrared gas analyzer (Photon II, Madur Electronics, Austria). All measurements were repeated three times.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Crystal Structure

Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of the three catalysts. The authors reported that the TiO₂ crystallites were exfoliated into layered crystalline sheets when the raw P25 was treated in NaOH aqueous [23]. In the meantime, Na–O–Ti bonds were created on the two sides. During the washing process, substitution and imbalance of H⁺ or Na⁺ ion concentration on two different sides of nanosheets occurred, giving rise to excess surface energy and resulting in bending [2]. From the XRD pattern of the Mn/TNTs-AL sample, strong diffraction peaks for NaNO₃ (PDF#01-070-1518) were observed. This finding indicates that a large number of Na⁺ still remained in the Mn/TNTs-AL sample. It is because only a part of Na⁺ was substituted by if the precipitate was washed with 0.1 mol/L HCl solution to pH value just near 12. The residual Na⁺ in titanate structure combined with groups from manganese nitrate solution. With respect to the manganese oxides, diffraction peaks for Mn₃O₄ were observed, whereas those for MnO₂ were absent.

Compared with the Mn/TNTs-AL sample, the crystal phase of Mn/TNTs-AC had two obvious changes. Firstly, strong diffraction peaks for anatase (PDF#01-083-2243) appeared, but most of the diffraction peaks for NaNO₃ disappeared (only the peak situated at 31.90° still remains). These findings indicate that the number of residual Na⁺ in titanate structure was greatly reduced by washing the precipitates with HCl solution from pH value near 12 to pH value near 2. In this substitution process, the sodium titanate transformed to anatase [20]. Secondly, diffraction peaks for Mn₃O₄ were hardly observed, but diffraction peaks for MnO₂ were clearly observed. This phenomenon suggests the different metal-support interaction occurring in Mn/TNTs-AL and Mn/TNTs-AC.

The crystal phase of Mn/TNTs-NE was very similar to that of Mn/TNTs-AC; only small differences on peak intensity could be observed. The diffraction peak situated at 31.90° for NaNO₃ became weaker, but the diffraction peaks for MnO₂ got enhanced, which means the residual Na⁺ in the structure of TNTs-AC was further removed by washing with distilled water to pH value near 7, and stronger metal-support interaction occurred in the Mn/TNTs-NE sample.

3.2. Morphology and Microstructure

TEM micrographs shown in Figure 2 expressed visual impressions of the morphologies of the catalysts. From Figure 2(a), it can be seen that sodium titanate of the Mn/TNTs-AL sample mainly existed in the form of nanosheets. Nanotubes were hardly observed. This finding indicates that substitution was inadequate, and perhaps the driving force for bending was insufficient. It is reported that almost all the sodium titanate nanosheets will bend to form nanotubes after washing with dilute acid to pH value reaching 7 [19]. However, most of titanate structure will transform to anatase TiO₂ by further washing with dilute acid to pH value reaching 0–2, and part of the nanotubular morphology was lost [24, 25]. In addition, calcination treatment will accelerate the speed of transforming into anatase TiO₂ [26]. This is the reason why the assumed nanotubular morphology of the Mn/TNTs-AC sample was absent (Figure 2(b)). Notably, the transformation between titanate nanotube and anatase TiO₂ was reversible [24, 25]. So it is reasonable that the Mn/TNTs-NE sample, which was obtained after washing TNTs-AC with distilled water to pH value near 7, impregnating with manganese nitrate and annealing at 400°C for 3 h, still maintained nanotube-dominating morphology (Figure 2(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.3. Physical Characteristics and Chemical Composition

The surface area, total pore volume, and mean pore diameter of the three catalysts are given in Table 1. The surface areas of Mn/TNTs-AC and Mn/TNTs-NE are large, but that of Mn/TNTs-AL is especially low due to the smooth surface of nanosheets. Large-surface-area feature for titanate materials is advantageous for dispersion of active species [16]. So the dispersion of manganese oxides might be the best in Mn/TNTs-NE and the worst in Mn/TNTs-AL. The pore volume of nanosheets or nanorods is mainly contributed by the interstices between the nanocomposites. The pore volume of nanotubes, on the other hand, is contributed by the internal volume inside the tubes as well as the interstices between the tubes. The Mn/TNTs-NE sample showed the largest pore volume, according well with its best nanotubular morphology among the three catalysts. The pore volume of Mn/TNTs-AL was negligibly low, indicating the serious agglomeration of the nanosheets. The pore size, which corresponds to the interstice width, would increase with the size of the constituting nanocomposites. The pore sizes of the three catalysts follow the order Mn/TNTs-AC < Mn/TNTs-NE < Mn/TNTs-AL, in line with the size of their constituting nano-composites (see Figure 2).

As shown in Figure 3(a), typical pore distribution of mesoporous materials could be confirmed in the three catalysts, with most pores concentrating in 2–50 nm. N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms demonstrated in Figure 3(b) gave further information for the pore composition. The hysteretic loops of Mn/TNTs-AC could be recognized as type H1, whereas those of Mn/TNTs-NE and Mn/TNTs-AL could be recognized as type H3. Type H1 was always associated with porous materials with uniform shapes and pore size distributions [27, 28]. By contrast, type H3 was always associated with porous materials with nonuniform shapes and pore size distributions [28]. In fact, these findings accord well with the TEM results. According to the TEM images, Mn/TNTs-AC showed nanorod-dominating morphology. The accumulation of nanorods resulted in uniform mesoporous pores. Mn/TNTs-NE showed nanotube-dominating morphology. The nanotubes were arranged randomly, giving rising to the hollow channels in the tubes and the interstices between the tubes. The inner diameter of TNTs was ca. 2 nm, but the size of the interstices was tens of nanometers [14, 15]. Mn/TNTs-AL showed nanosheet-dominating morphology. These comparatively large nanosheets accumulated to form slits with different sizes.

(a)

(b)

XPS was utilized to identify the surface nature and atomic concentration of the three catalysts. The atomic concentration of each element was obtained by peak area integral of its narrow spectrum. Previous reports have revealed that the surface atomic concentration of the doped metal obtained with XPS was lower once the metallic species entered the nanotubes [15, 29]. Since the thickness of the wall of titanate nanotubes was 2-3 nm, which was close to the penetration depth of XPS analysis, manganese located in the tubular channels could only be partially detected. In this paper, the loading amount of manganese for all the three catalysts was designed as the same weight percentage to support, which is equal to Mn/Ti molar ratio between 0.28 and 0.39. However, their atomic concentration shown in Table 2 differed greatly. Mn/Ti molar ratio for Mn/TNTs-NE was observed at 0.20, indicating that lots of manganese in Mn/TNTs-NE entered the tubular channel of titanate nanotubes. By contrast, Mn/Ti molar ratios for Mn/TNTs-AC and Mn/TNTs-AL were observed at 0.97 and 1.96, respectively, far exceeding the design value. This is an evidence for the bad dispersion and agglomeration of manganese oxides in Mn/TNTs-AC and Mn/TNTs-AL (especially bad in the latter sample). It is also worth noting that the Na/Ti molar ratio of Mn/TNTs-AL reached up to 3.57, exceeding the other two catalysts by 5–8 times. This finding that indicates the quantity of residual Na⁺ in the Mn/TNTs-AL catalyst was much larger than the other two samples. This result accords well with the XRD results revealing the formation of NaNO₃ crystal in Mn/TNTs-AL.

3.4. NH₃ Adsorption

As shown in Figure 4, the NH₃-TPD profiles of the three catalysts have a common peak situated from 100°C to 300°C. This peak always appeared in the profiles of titanate compounds, belonging to the desorption of ammonia adsorbed at weak acid sites [14]. The intensity of this peak for Mn/TNTs-AL was much weaker than Mn/TNTs-AC and Mn/TNTs-NE. The Mn/TNTs-AC and Mn/TNTs-NE samples also have another two common peaks centered at ca. 550°C and 750°C, respectively. The former peak could be ascribed to the desorption of chemisorbed ammonia at strong acid sites, and the later peak was generated by the decomposition of residual NaNO₃ and Mn-nitrate [30]. As to the NH₃-TPD profile of the Mn/TNTs-AL sample, a strong peak ranging within 350–710°C was observed. The decomposition of Mn-nitrate and the desorption of chemisorbed ammonia at strong acid sites might contribute to this peak. Considering the large quantity of residuary NaNO₃, the continued decomposition of NaNO₃ also contributed to this peak greatly.

3.5. Redox Property

The H₂-TPR profiles of the three catalysts are shown in Figure 5. According to the previous reports, MnO₂ and Mn₂O₃ always reduced firstly to Mn₃O₄ in the lower temperature range, and secondly to MnO at higher temperature range [30, 31]. With respect to the H₂-TPR profiles of the Mn/TNTs-AC and Mn/TNTs-NE catalysts, the two-step reduction was obviously observed. The two reduction peaks for Mn/TNTs-NE centered at 462°C and 528°C appeared earlier than those for Mn/TNTs-AC centered at 507°C and 566°C. This result suggests that manganese oxides of Mn/TNTs-NE were more active than those of Mn/TNTs-AC. Indeed, according to the physical characteristics, a better dispersion of manganese oxides was expected in the surface of Mn/TNTs-NE, leading to the easier reduction at lower temperatures.

Unlike the other two samples, the H₂-TPR profile of Mn/TNTs-AL only showed a strong and broad reduction peak. Due to the small surface area of Mn/TNTs-AL, a bad dispersion of manganese oxides trended to occur, giving rise to formation of bulk . So the reduction peak which appeared in the H₂-TPR profile of the Mn/TNTs-AL was in all probability ascribed to the reduction of bulk .

3.6. SCR Activity

The NO conversion as a function of reaction temperature over the Mn/TNTs-AC, Mn/TNTs-NE, and Mn/TNTs-AL catalysts is shown in Figure 6. It can be seen that these three catalysts showed entirely different activity for the SCR of NO. Mn/TNTs-NE showed a good SCR activity even though the activity tests were conducted with a high GHSV at about 100,000 h⁻¹. The NO conversion for Mn/TNTs-NE at 300°C to 350°C reached 90%. The SCR activity of Mn/TNTs-AC is worse in comparison. Even worse, the NO conversion of Mn/TNTs-AL was negligibly low in the main reaction temperature range of 200°C to 400°C.

Based on the above discussions, the composition, dispersion, and redox property of manganese oxides might have affected the SCR activity. Two types of crystal phase for manganese oxides were formed due to different metal-support interaction. MnO₂ was observed in Mn/TNTs-AC and Mn/TNTs-NE, whereas Mn₃O₄ was observed in Mn/TNTs-AL. It was reported that the SCR activity of MnO₂ was better than Mn₃O₄ [32]. Mn/TNTs-NE possessed the maximum surface area, resulting in the best dispersion of manganese oxides. In addition, partial manganese oxides of Mn/TNTs-NE entered into the tubular channels; thus the redox property of manganese oxides might be tuned and a unique metal-support interaction might occur [5–7], leading to the enhancement of activity. By contrast, Mn/TNTs-AL showed especially low surface area, thus giving rise to the worse dispersion of manganese oxides.

4. Conclusion

Alkaline TNTs, acidic TNTs, and neutral TNTs were synthesized by hydrothermal method with controlled postwashing treatment. Manganese oxides were loaded on these TNTs and used for the SCR of NO with ammonia. TEM images revealed that titanate nanosheets, titanate nanorods, and titanate nanotubes were dominated in Mn/TNTs-AL, Mn/TNTs-AC and Mn/TNTs-NE, respectively. MnO₂ crystal was observed in Mn/TNTs-AC, and Mn/TNTs-NE. Mn₃O₄ and NaNO₃, on the other hand, were observed in Mn/TNTs-AL. Among the three catalysts, Mn/TNTs-NE showed the largest surface area, the best dispersion of active species, and the most active redox property of manganese oxides, and thus had the best SCR activity. By contrast, Mn/TNTs-AL showed especially low surface area, Mn₃O₄-dominating crystal structure, and bad dispersion of manganese oxides and unsurprisingly showed negligible SCR activity.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-51306068), the Key Laboratory for Water and Air Pollution Control, Guangdong Province (no. 2011A060901002), the Central-Level Nonprofit Scientific Institutes for Basic R&D Operations (PM-zx021-201211-106), and the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (2012AA062505).

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Copyright © 2013 Xiongbo Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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