In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Sol-Gel Derived TiO₂ Coatings Based on a Variety of Precursors and Synthesis Conditions

Table 4

Statistical analysis (𝑛=10) of cytokine levels around stainless steel 316L and titania dioxide (TiO₂) coated implants.

Cytokine	Mean; SS 316L	Mean; SS 316L + TiO2	𝑃 value
IL-6	50115	10241	6.59 × 10^−5
Caspase-1	50561	11550	3.13 × 10^−6
TNF-alpha	36463	12683	10.56 × 10^−5