A Silsesquioxane Organically Modified with 4-Amino-5-(4-pyridyl)-4<i>H</i>-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol: Thermal Behavior and Its Electrochemical Detection of Sulfhydryl Compounds

Do Carmo, D. R.; Silvestrini, D. R.; Barud, H. S.; Dias Filho, N. L.; Bicalho, U. O.; Soares, L. A.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/695954

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 695954 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/695954

A Silsesquioxane Organically Modified with 4-Amino-5-(4-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol: Thermal Behavior and Its Electrochemical Detection of Sulfhydryl Compounds

D. R. Do Carmo,¹D. R. Silvestrini,¹H. S. Barud,²N. L. Dias Filho,¹U. O. Bicalho,¹and L. A. Soares¹

Academic Editor: Bin Zhang

Received21 Dec 2013

Revised15 May 2014

Accepted18 May 2014

Published09 Jul 2014

Abstract

The octakis(3-chloropropyl)silsesquioxane (SS) was organofunctionalized with 4-amino-5-4(pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol. The product formed (SA) was undergo another reactions in two steps, first with copper and so hexacyanoferrate (III) to form CuHSA. The organofunctionalized silsesquioxane was characterized by the following techniques: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in solid state, and thermogravimetric analysis in air and nitrogen atmosphere. The composite CuHSA was incorporated into a graphite paste electrode and the electrochemical behavior studies were conducted with cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammogram of the modified graphite paste electrode with CuHSA showed one redox couple with formal potential V versus Ag/ (KCl 1.0 mol L⁻¹; v = 20 mV s⁻¹) attributed to the redox process Fe^(II)(CN)₆/Fe^(III)(CN)₆ of the binuclear complex formed. The redox couple presents an electrocatalytic response of sulfhydryl compounds such as n-acetylcysteine and l-cysteine. For determination of n-acetylcysteine and l-cysteine the modified graphite paste electrode showed a linear region in the concentration range of 2 to 20 mmol L⁻¹. The modified electrode was chemically and electrochemically stable and showed good reproducibility.

1. Introduction

In recent years, the development of hybrid materials has been the subject of considerable attention of the scientific community due to their organic and inorganic moieties working together to give the hybrid different properties from those displayed in their precursors [1]. Currently, there is great interest in the formation of hybrid materials by incorporating organic groups into structures of silsesquioxanes [2]. Hybrid organic/inorganic composites from silsesquioxanes, nanostructured compounds with an empirical formula (RSiO_1.5)n, where R is a hydrogen atom or an organic group [3] and = 4, 6, 8, 10 (n ≥ 4) [4], have wide applications, for instance, as catalysts [5, 6], liquid crystals [7, 8], nanofillers [9], sensors and biosensors [10, 11], silica interface [12, 13], medicine [14, 15], and dendrimer precursors [14, 16].

Recently several reviews and extensive papers about synthesis, reactions, and applications about silsesquioxanes were reported [4, 17].

When functionalized, silsesquioxane can improve some of their properties without affecting their characteristics, for example, mechanical and thermal properties [18–20] and also their oxidation resistance [17].

Metal coordination with silsesquioxane is only common when using incompletely condensed silsesquioxanes such as trisilanol and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). These nanostructured materials are capable of mimicking the main characteristics of the inorganofuctionalized silica with different metals [14, 21–24].

In the literature some papers on hybrid and soluble silsesquioxanes with defined and undefined structures containing charged organic group were already reported, dealing with the development of electrochemical sensors [11, 25]. To the best of our knowledge, the electroanalytical applications of chemically modifiedcubic silsesquioxane have been only mentioned by Do Carmo research group [26, 27].

In this paper we present the preparation, characterization, and voltammetric study of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) obtained by the interaction with the functionalized cubic polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (SS) and 4-amino-5-(4-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (APTT) (SA) in two stages. At the first stage, the SA adsorbs Cu²⁺ and at the second step the composite formed (CuSA) reacts with hexacyanoferrate forming a new composite (CuHSA). After rigorous voltammetric studies, the composite was tested in the electrocatalytic determination of sulphydrilic compounds such as l-cysteine and n-acetylcysteine. APTT was chosen because presents in your structure nitrogen and sulfur sites can bind different transition metals [28]. Therefore, APTT is a power ligand for organofunctionalization and sorption of metals. Sulfhydryl compounds cannot be determined directly with glassy carbon electrodes, platinum electrodes, and gold electrodes, but rather with mercury-based electrodes, with the latter due to the strong Hg-S interaction [29].

However, currently the use of mercury-based electrodes in analytical chemistry is strongly discouraged because of its toxic nature, which encourages researchers to create a “cleaner” detection strategy using electrodes.

The detection of the aforementioned compounds is usually performed by chromatographic or spectrophotometric techniques. These methods are accurate, sensitive, and selective but are lengthy processes as they require derivatization and separation processes and require using relatively expensive devices. This has aroused interest in their detection and quantification by electroanalytical techniques, given that, in addition to being simple to use and low cost, they offer the possibility of determining the analyte concentration directly in the sample without pretreatment or chemical separation [30–32].

One of the most important and recent advances in the preparation of new electrodic materials was incorporating nanotechnology to the construction processes of electrochemical sensors, which could contribute significantly to the quantification of species of environmental interest, such as pesticide residues, dyes, and heavy metals and also for the quality control of inputs from the pharmaceutical and food industries. Electrodes containing nanostructured materials are carbon nanotubes [33, 34], nanoparticles, and nanocapsules [35, 36], besides several types of electrodes with nanometer porosity obtained by different methods [37–40] and which have brought impressive advances to voltammetric methods, especially those based on stripping voltammetric techniques since nanostructured materials exhibit a number of advantageous properties, such as high surface area which allows greater preconcentration capacity of the analyte, providing strong adsorptive capacity and low detection limits. The advantages of using POSS, compared with other nanostructured compounds, such as carbon nanotubes, regard their smaller size and that they are easily modified chemically to suit a particular application [4].

Thus, the chemically modified silsesquioxanes are excellent candidates for electrocatalytic reduction or oxidation of both organic and inorganic analytes, greatly contributing to the field of electroanalysis.

2. Experimental

2.1. Reagents

All reagents and solvents were of analytical grade (Alpha Aesar, Merck, or Aldrich) and were used as purchased. Deionized water was produced with Milli-Q gradient system from Millipore.

2.2. Techniques

2.2.1. Microscopy

The scanning electronic microscopy of the materials was obtained using a JEOL JSM T-300 microscope. The samples were adhered over aluminum holders and covered with a thin layer (20–30 nm) of gold in Sputter Coater Bal-Tec SCD-050.

2.2.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analyses (NMR)

All solid state analyses of ²⁹Si (59.5 MHz) and ¹³C-NMR (75.4 MHz) were recorded on a Varian INOVA 300 spectrometer. The samples were packed in zirconia rotors and spun at the magic angle at 4500 Hz, a relaxation delay of 10.0 and 6.0 s for ²⁹Si and ¹³C, respectively. All chemical shifts are reported in parts per million ppm () with reference to external tetramethylsilane (TMS).

2.2.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG-DTA)

The thermogravimetric analyses of the samples were carried out using two types of equipment—SDT 2960 from TA Instruments and SDT Q600 from TA Instruments.

The thermogravimetric curves were obtained using approximately 6 mg samples placed in alumina crucibles and subjected to a controlled air temperature program and nitrogen flow of 100 mL min⁻¹, with a heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹. The sample analyses were performed at the room temperature interval up to 1200°C. As S contains chlorine in its composition, it releases chlorine gas when heated, which reacts with the crucible; therefore it was subjected to heating at a temperature of 700°C.

2.2.4. Preparation of Chemically Modified Graphite Paste Electrodes

The chemically modified graphite paste electrodes were prepared by mixing the modified silsesquioxane (CuHSA, 20 mg), graphite powder (80 mg), and nujol oil as a agglutinative (25 L). Graphite, CuHSA, and nujol were mixed to produce a homogeneous graphite modified paste electrode. The electrode body was fabricated from a glass tube of i.d. 3 mm and height of 14 cm, containing graphite paste [42]. A copper wire was inserted through the opposite end to establish electrical contact. After the mixture had been homogenized, the modified paste was carefully positioned on the tube tip to avoid possible air gaps, which often enhances electrode resistance. The external surface of the electrode was smoothed on soft paper. A new surface can be produced by scraping out the old surface and replacing the graphite paste.

2.2.5. Analysis Procedure

Initially, cyclic voltammograms were recorded for studying the electro-oxidation of l-cysteine and n-acetylcysteine by graphite paste electrode modified with CuHSA. The l-cysteine and n-acetylcysteine solutions were prepared immediately before use and were purged with nitrogen. In most of the experiments, 1.0 mol L⁻¹ KCl was used as the supporting electrolyte. The catalytic current was estimated by the difference between the electrode current in the presence of sulfhydryl compounds and that which is established in the blank solution.

2.3. Synthesis

2.3.1. Synthesis of Octakis(3-chloropropyl)silsesquioxane (SS)

For the synthesis of octakis(3-chloropropyl)silsesquioxane (SS) a procedure described in the literature was followed [43]. 800 mL of methanol, 27.0 mL of hydrochloric acid (HCl), and 43.0 mL of 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane were added into a 1000 mL round bottom flask. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 5 weeks. The solid phase was separated by filtration in a sintered plate funnel; it yielded a white solid which was then oven dried at 120°C for 4 hours (Figure 1(a)).

(a)

(b)

2.3.2. Functionalization of Octakis(3-chloropropyl)silsesquioxane with APTT (SA)

The functionalization of octakis(3-chloropropyl)silsesquioxane (SS) (Figure 1(b)) was performed in 500 mL 3-neck flask containing 9.70 × 10⁻³ mol (10.05 g) of SS, previously dried at 100°C for 2 h, 8.70 × 10⁻² mol (16.81 g) of APTT, and approximately 200 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF). The mixture was refluxed at 150°C with constant stirring for 96 hours. Then the solid phase was separated in a sintered funnel and washed in a Soxhlet extractor with DMF for 48 hours. The material obtained was oven vacuum dried at 100°C for 4 hours (Figure 1(b)).

2.3.3. Preparation of Copper Hexacyanoferrate with SA (CuHSA)

The complexes were prepared as follows: 1.0 g of SA was added to 25 mL of a solution of 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ CuCl₂·5H₂O. The mixture was stirred for 40 minutes at room temperature. The solid phase was then filtered and washed thoroughly with deionized water. The materials resulting from this first phase were oven dried at 70°C and designated as CuSA. In the second stage, the CuSA was added to a solution of 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) and the mixture was stirred for 40 minutes at room temperature and then the solid was thoroughly filtered, washed with deionized water, and dried at room temperature. The materials resulting from this stage were described by CuHSA.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

The morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Figure 2). The images show irregular polyhedra or nanocubes (cubic particles) with an average size of 200 at 50 nm to SS and CuHSA materials, as illustrated in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), respectively. As can be seen there is a relatively high homogeny in cubic particle size and distributions both to SS and CuHSA. The size of the particles shapes decreased with the SS modification to form SA.

In the SEM of CuHSA minor particles shapes were noticeable. An investigation by SEM showed that the particles of CuHSA minor in size show irregular polyhedra or nanocubes.

3.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

The FTIR spectrum of the APTT, SS, and one formed by reaction of SS with APTT (SA) and CuHSA was detailed in recent reports [27, 41]. In these studies, an absence of the band at 590 cm⁻¹ related to the C–Cl vibrations was observed as main spectral characteristic, therefore confirming the organofunctionalization of SA. The spectra of ²⁹Si and ¹³C NMR of octakis(3-chloropropyl)silsesquioxane [Cl(CH₂)₃]₈Si₈O₁₂ (SS) are represented by Figures 3(a) and 3(b), respectively.

(a)

(b)

The spectrum of ²⁹Si NMR (Figure 3(a)) of [Cl(CH₂)₃]₈Si₈O₁₂ showed a resonance at −67.57 ppm. This indicates the formation of the cubic structure of silsesquioxane with symmetrical O–Si–O bonds, as described in the literature [44–46].

The spectrum NMR ¹³C (Figure 3(b)) shows three resonances attributed to three carbons of the propyl groups (-6.12, -23.03, and -42.30 ppm) and these carbons are identified as follows: CH₂CH₂Si, CH₂CH₂CH₂, and ClCH₂CH₂. These results clearly indicate the successful synthesis of octakis(3-chloropropyl)silsesquioxane [44–46].

The NMR ²⁹Si spectrum in the solid state for SA illustrated in Figure 4(a) shows only one resonance at −68.57 ppm, which corresponds to silicon (Si–O–Si) [45, 46]. The ²⁹Si NMR shows a large peak around −68 ppm, which can be attributed to different environments of T3 species. In addition, the spectrum presents a shoulder around −100 ppm attributed to Q substructures, suggesting that the ligand alters the original structure of octakis(3-chloropropyl)silsesquioxane after functionalization.

(a)

(b)

The NMR of APTT ligand shows five resonance peaks as expected. Figure 4(b) illustrates the NMR ¹³C spectrum in the solid state for SA. The resonance peaks observed at 6.51, 19.60, and 47.28 ppm are attributed to the carbon atoms CH₂CH₂Si, CH₂CH₂CH₂, and ClCH₂CH₂ of the propyl group of precursor SS and the other resonances observed are attributed to the carbon atoms of the APTT ligand. The high levels of carbons observed for the APTT binder and the low frequencies are due to the chemical shift caused by the electronegative atoms attached to them and lack of H attached to their nuclei [47, 48]. The results confirm that APTT was chemically bonded to the SS structure.

3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

The thermogravimetric curves indicate the thermal stability of the materials against a continuous programmed temperature heating rate [49].

The thermogram of SS (Figure 5(a)) showed three mass loss phases. In the first step at 100°C (1%) attributed to physically adsorbed water loss, confirmed by the endothermic event in the DTA curve; the other two mass loss stages were observed at 220°C (15%) and 320°C (33%) attributed to the oxidation of organic matter [50] and the decomposition of residual groups SiO₂ [16, 51, 52] in the sample, also confirmed by the exothermic events in the DTA curve in the corresponding temperatures. It should be noted that as SS has chlorine in its composition, it was subjected to the programmed temperature increase up to the maximum temperature of 700°C, because at high temperatures the chlorine gas released can react with the platinum crucible used in the measurements.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The thermogram of APTT (Figure 5(b)) showed four mass loss stages, the first at 100°C (1%) attributed to the physically adsorbed water loss and confirmed by the endothermic event in the DTA curve and three other stages at 200 (7%), 350 (60%), and 480°C (32%) all related to the oxidation of the organic part of the sample, confirmed by exothermic events in the DTA curve.

The thermogram of SA (Figure 5(c)) showed two mass loss stages, the first at 100°C (5%) attributed to the physically adsorbed water loss and confirmed by the endothermic event in the DTA curve at the corresponding temperature. It was observed that the anhydrous compound is stable up to temperatures close to 200°C. At temperatures above 200°C the second mass loss stage was observed (65%), attributed to oxidation of the organic matter in the sample and confirmed by the exothermic event in the DTA curve [50]; it was also observed that at temperatures above 800°C no further mass loss (total mass loss of 70%) can be attributed to the formation of SiO₂ formed by the oxidation of SA [16, 51, 52].

The thermogram of SS in nitrogen atmosphere, illustrated in Figure 6(a), showed two mass loss stages. In the first stage at 100°C the mass loss was of 3%, attributed to the release of physically adsorbed water on the silsesquioxane surface. It was observed that the material showed some stability at 200°C and the second mass loss stage occurred from 300 to 600°C (70%), attributed to the degradation of the organic part in the sample.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The thermogram of APTT in nitrogen atmosphere, illustrated in Figure 6(b), showed three mass loss stages, the first at room temperature of 100°C (12%), attributed to the loss and release of physically adsorbed water and confirmed by the exothermic event in the DTA curve and two other stages at 200–500°C and 500–1200°C with a mass loss of 52%. This loss can be attributed to the degradation of organic matter in the sample.

The SA thermogram in nitrogen atmosphere, illustrated in Figure 6(c), exhibited two mass loss stages, the first at 100°C (5%), attributed to the physically adsorbed water loss. It was observed that the anhydrous compound is stable up to temperatures of around 200°C. At temperatures of 200 to 800°C the second mass loss stage was observed (55%), attributed to the degradation of organic matter in the sample. These mass loss stages were confirmed by the exothermic events of the DTA curve.

The thermogravimetric analysis studies showed that this new material (SA) showed relative thermal stability up to temperatures of around 250°C, a common behavior in analogous compounds reported in the literature [50].

After reaction of SA with Cu and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) (CuHSA), the composite was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammogram of the modified graphite paste electrode with CuHSA showed one redox couple with formal potential V versus Ag/ (KCl 1.0 mol L⁻¹; mV s⁻¹) attributed to the redox process (CN)₆/(CN)₆ of the binuclear complex formed [27].

3.4. Application of Graphite Paste Electrode Modified with CuHSA

3.4.1. Determination of n-Acetylcysteine and l-Cysteine

A substrate undergoing a redox process can exhibit slow electron transfer kinetics, but when this reaction is catalyzed by the modification of the electrode surface, there is a faster electron transfer between the electrode and the analyte [53–55]; therefore, with the interaction between the modifier species in the electrode and analyte, there is an increase in the current intensity with the increasing addition of the analyte, which allows for the construction of a calibration curve for the detection and quantification of biologically significant substances [56].

The analytical curve provides information on the detection limit and amperometric sensitivity of the method. The detection limit is defined as the lowest amount of analyte which can be detected in a sample [57] and is calculated by the following equation: where SD is the standard deviation of ten measurements of white, at the very least three constructed standard curves containing proximate concentrations and the presumed limit of quantification, and S (sensitivity) is the slope of the calibration curve [58]. The sensitivity (S) of a method indicates its ability to discriminate, with a set accuracy, the proximate concentrations of an analyte. This magnitude can be determined by the slope of the calibration graph. In the case of a line, the greater the slope angle of the line, the more sensitive the method will be [59].

The electro-oxidation of the graphite paste electrode modified with CuHSA for the electro-oxidation of n-acetylcysteine and l-cysteine in 1.0 mol L⁻¹ KCl is illustrated in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. According to Figure 7 the graphite paste electrode has no redox pair in the potential range between 0.4 V and 1.0 in the absence and presence of n-acetylcysteine (curves A and B, resp.). After the addition of n-acetylcysteine there was an increase in the anodic peak current intensity (curve D) when compared with the graphite paste electrode modified with CuHSA (curve C).

The intensity of the anodic peak current of CuHSA increases proportionately with the analyte concentration.

In the case of l-cysteine, the same process occurs, with a more pronounced electro-oxidation, as seen in Figure 8.

The equation for the electrochemical oxidation of l-cysteine, described in the literature [60] can be represented as follows: This increased anodic current intensity occurs due to electro-oxidation of the analytes (n-acetylcysteine and l-cysteine) by the mediator CuHSA. Fe(III) produced during the anodic scanning chemically oxidizes n-acetyl cysteine (l-cysteine), while this is reduced to Fe(II), which in turn is electrochemically oxidized to Fe(III). The electro-oxidation of sulphydryl compounds (n-acetylcysteine and l-cysteine) was mediated for ferricyanide (mediator) and occurs for an EC mechanism, where E is the electrochemical step and C is the chemical step.

Therefore, in view of this l-cysteine reaction, the oxidation of n-acetylcysteine on the electrode surface of the graphite paste electrode modified with CuHSA can be described by the following reactions:(3)(4)where X = n-acetylcysteine (or l-cysteine) and Y is = n-acetylcysteine (or cystine).

Thus, n-acetylcysteine and l-cysteine are oxidized at the electrode surface, and this process occurs at the potential of 0.78 V and 0.76 V, respectively. The oxidation process does not occur in this potential when employing glassy carbon electrode or unmodified graphite paste electrode.

The electrochemical behavior of the oxidation of n-acetylcysteine in the electrode modified with CuHSA differs from the electrode modified with Prussian blue film, in which there is as a current increase in both oxidation potentials (0.79 and 0.95 V) when in the presence of n-acetylcysteine (1.0 mol L⁻¹, KCl, pH 3.5 versus Ag/AgCl) [61].

However, the Prussian blue film [61] is degraded by the hydrolysis reaction in solutions with higher pH values than five, which does not occur with CuHSA.

It was observed that the catalytic current of n-acetylcysteine and l-cysteine in this electrode (CuHSA) decreases over time after the first cycle, probably due to depletion [60] near the electrode surface or due to the fact that the electrode response is blocked by the product resulting from the reaction [62].

Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the analytical curves of the n-acetylcysteine and l-cysteine concentration as a function of the anodic current. For n-acetylcysteine the modified electrode showed a linear region in the concentration range of 2 to 20 mmol L⁻¹, with an equation corresponding to ΔY (A) = 21.20 + 633.40 [n-acetylcysteine] with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. The method showed a detection limit of 2.0 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ with an amperometric sensitivity of 633.40 A/mol L⁻¹ for n-acetylcysteine.

For l-cysteine the modified electrode also showed a linear region in the concentration range of 2 to 20 mmol L⁻¹ with an equation corresponding to ΔY (A) = 8.83 + 1751.25 [l-cysteine] with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a detection limit also of 8.55 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ and an amperometric sensitivity of 1751.25 A/mol L⁻¹.

4. Conclusions

The functionalization of octakis(3-Chloropropyl)silsesquioxane with 4-amino-5-(4-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol was successfully carried out. The studies of FTIR and complementary studies of NMR in the solid state, together with SEM, confirm the nanostructured nature of organofunctionalized silsesquioxane.

The thermogravimetric analysis studies showed that this new material (SA) showed relative thermal stability up to temperatures of around 250°C. After reaction of SA with Cu²⁺ and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), the product formed (CuHSA) exhibit one redox couple with V. The redox couple presents a catalytic property for determination of sulfhydryl compounds. Quantitation in millimolar range of n-acetylcysteine and l-cysteine can be achieved using CuHSA incorporated in carbon paste electrode. An electrode surface renewal is not necessary as only a simple electrode is enough before each experiment. The electrode is chemically and electrochemically stable. This nanostructured material could be employed as starting reagent for synthesis of hybrid compounds.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Financial support for this research was supplied by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP—Grant nos. 2012/05438-1, 2003/12882-6, and 2012/11306-0) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Grant no. 306087/2012-0.

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Copyright © 2014 D. R. Do Carmo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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