Preparation and Performance of Inorganic Heat Insulation Panel Based on Sepiolite Nanofibers

Wang, Fei; Liang, Jinsheng; Liu, Haifeng; Duan, Xinhui; Tang, Qingguo; Liu, Huimin

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/876967

Journal of Nanomaterials

On this page

Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Nanostructured Materials for Clean Energy and Environmental Challenges

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 876967 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/876967

Preparation and Performance of Inorganic Heat Insulation Panel Based on Sepiolite Nanofibers

Fei Wang,^1,2Jinsheng Liang,¹Haifeng Liu,¹Xinhui Duan,¹Qingguo Tang,¹and Huimin Liu¹

Academic Editor: Xiangyu Zhao

Received09 Nov 2013

Accepted09 Dec 2013

Published17 Feb 2014

Abstract

High efficiency and low cost thermal insulation energy saving panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers were developed by means of the synergistic action of inorganic adhesive, curing agent, and hydrogen peroxide. The water soluble sodium silicate was used as inorganic adhesive, and the sodium fluorosilicate was chosen as curing agent. Moreover, appropriate amount of hydrogen peroxide was added in order to decrease the bulk density and improve the heat insulation performance of panel materials. The results showed that the synergistic action of inorganic adhesive, curing agent, and hydrogen peroxide could make thermal insulation energy saving panel materials have low bulk density and high mechanical performance, and the optimal process was as follows: 120°C of drying temperature, 1.6% of sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive, 12% of sodium fluorosilicate as curing agent in sodium silicate, and 2.5% of hydrogen peroxide. The thermal insulation energy saving panel materials as prepared could arrest heat transmission and resist external force effectively.

1. Introduction

The external thermal insulation compound system containing organic panel materials and the organic coating have become two of the most common methods of construction energy saving in recent years. The former has disadvantages of cumbersome construction, high cost, narrow construction scope, and hot-bridge formation [1–3]. Moreover, the organic materials process would not only exacerbate tensions in the energy supply, but also pollute the environment. The coating as thin-layer thermal insulation technique has been used in various regions. For example, space refractive heat insulation coating materials as ceramic coating materials have been developed by scientific and technical personnel in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to solve the control problems for spacecraft in the process of heat transfer, which has the characteristics of efficient thermal insulation and high reflectivity, but the above mentioned coating materials have not been used extensively in the field of civil building due to their high cost [4–7]. At present, most of the buildings containing inorganic panel have little or no thermal insulation performance [8], and the research on the inorganic thermal insulation panel based on the mineral nanomaterials could improve the thermal insulation performance, which has been scarcely reported. Moreover, the application of natural mineral materials as raw materials will solve the serious environmental pollution caused by the process of organic materials.

Sepiolite as a kind of porous mineral material widely existing in nature has many nanometer level micropores and mesopores, which can play an active role as an additive for composite materials in many fields such as thermal insulation [9–12], and the sepiolite mineral materials have been applied in many fields [13–18]. Sepiolite is a kind of mineral materials in the form of fiber assemblies, leading to the limitation of usage [19–22]. Although the defibering treatment of sepiolite as a simple and cheap way to obtain mineral nanofibers is available for practical use, it has been less investigated except for a few exploratory researches involving the destruction of its fibrous micromorphology by ball milling and the use of expensive and sensitive agents [22–26], which provides promising future for further research. In our previous research, sepiolite nanofibers have been prepared using dry method airflow defibering technique [21].

The objective of this work is to develop high efficiency, low cost thermal insulation energy saving panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers by means of the synergistic action of inorganic adhesive, curing agent, and hydrogen peroxide. And their process and performance are also investigated.

2. Experimental Section

The raw sepiolite samples as one of natural fibrillar minerals were supplied by LB Nanomaterials Technology Co., Ltd. The sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive, sodium fluosilicate as curing agent, and hydrogen peroxide were supplied by Kewei Chemical Group Co., Ltd. The compounding ingredients were purchased from chemical stores. 500.00 g of natural sepiolite samples was added into 3500 mL of water solution containing 175 mL of hydrochloric acid. After that, the mixture was stirred at speed of 2000 rpm for 2 h by high-speed dispersing machine, and then the sepiolite solid was separated from the admixture by vacuum filtering and washed several times with distilled water until chlorine ion was not tested with silver nitrate, and then the dried cake at 60°C was crushed and ground into powders using the 20-mesh sieves. Then the above acid purified sepiolite samples were superfined by jet mill grinding. The grinding room air pressure is controlled between 0.7 and 0.85 MPa, the bearing protection air pressure is 0.2 MPa, the wash air pressure is 0.15 MPa, and the feeding rate is 6 kg/h [21]. The thermal insulation energy saving panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers were developed by means of the synergistic action of inorganic adhesive, curing agent, and hydrogen peroxide. 50.00 g of above sepiolite samples was added into 200 mL of water solution containing a given amount of sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive, and a given amount of sodium fluorosilicate as curing agent and hydrogen peroxide was added into the above mixture sequentially, and then the mixture was stirred at speed of 300 rpm for 1 h by high-speed dispersing machine; then the above mixture was dumped into mold, and the thermal insulation energy saving panel materials were obtained after drying for 24 h at a specified temperature. The microstructure of the samples was observed by scanning electron microscopy (Philips-XL30) at 25.0 kV and 30 μA. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) was performed on a BRUKER-80V made in Germany using KBr discs. The thermal insulation effect was evaluated by thermal insulation effect testing device [27], and the mechanical performance was measured following GB/T 5486.2-2001 using a universal tensile testing machine (CMT-6104).

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1 shows the variation of compressive strength values of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after drying at different temperatures.

From Figure 1, we can see that the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after drying at different temperatures have different compressive strength values. Among them, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers show the obvious decrease of compressive strength after drying when temperature is lower than 120°C, and the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after drying at 120°C show the highest compressive strength value. When the temperature is higher than 120°C, the compressive strength starts to reduce. Moreover, Figure 2 shows the variation of bulk density values of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after drying at different temperatures.

From Figure 2, we can see that the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after drying at different temperatures have the different bulk density values. Among them, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers show the obvious decrease of bulk density after drying when temperature is lower than 120°C. When the temperature is higher than 120°C, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers have almost consistent bulk density values. As shown in Figure 1, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after drying at temperature of 120°C have the highest compressive strength value. Therefore, 120°C is chosen as the optimal drying temperature value. The main reason for the above phenomenon lies in that many Si–OH bonds in the sodium silicate aqueous solution are water soluble, and the dehydration condensation reaction between the hydroxyl groups is difficult to carry out at too low temperature [28, 29]. When the temperature is too high, the panel materials as prepared are easy to crack due to the high water evaporation speed and sepiolite fibers agglomeration, thus leading to the decrease of compressive strength. Therefore, 120°C is chosen as the optimal drying temperature value.

Figure 3 shows the variation of compressive strength values of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive.

From Figure 3, it can be seen that the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive have different compressive strength values. Among them, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers indicate the obvious increase of compressive strength after adding different amounts of sodium silicate when the addition amount of sodium silicate is less than 1.6%. When the addition amount of sodium silicate is more than 1.6%, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers have almost consistent compressive strength values. Moreover, Figure 4 shows the variation of bulk density values of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive.

From Figure 4, it can be seen that the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of sodium silicate have different bulk density values. Among them, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers show the slight increase of bulk density after adding different amounts of sodium silicate when the addition amount of sodium silicate is less than 1.6%. When the addition amount of sodium silicate is more than 1.6%, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers show significant increase of bulk density values. The main reason for this phenomenon is that sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive could make the compressive strength of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers increase obviously when the sodium silicate addition amount is less than 1.6%; meanwhile the bulk density values of panel materials increase gradually. When the sodium fluorosilicate in sodium silicate addition amount is more than 1.6%, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers have almost consistent compressive strength values due to the requirement of sepiolite nanofibers adhesion. At the same time, the bulk density increase tendency of panel materials becomes more obvious because of the existence of excessive sodium silicate. According to the above analysis, 1.6% is chosen as the optimal condition of addition amount of sodium silicate. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) of different sepiolite samples before and after reaction with sodium silicate is shown in Figure 5.

From Figure 5(a), it can be seen that FTIR spectrum of sepiolite samples before reaction with sodium silicate has many absorption peaks. The band at 3722 cm⁻¹ is assigned to structural hydroxyls attached to silanol groups in sepiolite nanofiber, and the band at 3683 cm⁻¹ is attributed to a hydroxyl on a magnesium ion located in the octahedral sheet. The band at 3570 cm⁻¹ is assigned to bound water attached to magnesium ion located on the external channels of sepiolite. The 3420 and 1661 cm⁻¹ bands are, respectively, assigned to the OH stretching and bending vibration, representing the zeolitic water in channels. From Figure 5(b, c), the Si–OH stretching vibration (3722 cm⁻¹) disappears in the IR spectrum of sepiolite samples after reaction with sodium silicate, indicating the dehydration condensation reaction between sodium silicate hydrolysis product and sepiolite nanofibers. The 3420 cm⁻¹ band assigned to the OH stretching vibration of Mg₃OH increases in intensity and shifts to 3413 cm⁻¹, which is mainly caused by the formation of the Si–O–Si bonds in the sodium silicate hydrolysis product and sepiolite nanofibers. Furthermore the most bands mentioned above are not significantly changed, which reflects the structural stability of the sepiolite nanofibers during the above mentioned procedure [30–32].

Figure 6 shows the variation of compressive strength values of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of sodium fluorosilicate.

From Figure 6, it can be seen that the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of sodium fluorosilicate as curing agent have different compressive strength values. Among them, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers show obvious increase of compressive strength after adding different amounts of sodium fluorosilicate when the addition amount of sodium fluorosilicate is less than 12% and it is up to maximum at 12% of addition amount of sodium fluorosilicate. When the addition amount of sodium fluorosilicate is more than 12%, the compressive strength values of panel materials start to decrease gradually. Moreover, Figure 7 shows the variation of bulk density values of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of sodium fluorosilicate as curing agent.

From Figure 7, it can be seen that the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of sodium fluorosilicate have similar bulk density values. Among them, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers show slight increase of bulk density after adding different amounts of sodium fluorosilicate. As shown in Figure 6, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding 12% of sodium fluorosilicate in sodium silicate as curing agent in sodium silicate have the best compressive strength. The main reason for this phenomenon is that sodium fluorosilicate as curing agent could make the compressive strength of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers increase gradually when the sodium fluorosilicate in sodium silicate addition amount is less than 12%. When the sodium fluorosilicate addition amount is more than 12%, the compressive strength of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers starts to decrease due to the too fast curing progress. According to the above analysis, we decide to choose 12% as the optimal condition of addition amount of sodium fluorosilicate in sodium silicate.

For the thermal insulation materials, the decrease of bulk density is helpful to improve the heat insulation properties of materials, under the prerequisite of maintaining a certain mechanical performance such as compressive strength of panel materials [33–35]. Consequently, the hydrogen peroxide is added to the above mixture, which can be easily decomposed into water and oxygen and play an important role in the decrease of bulk density. Figure 8 shows the variation of bulk density values of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of hydrogen peroxide.

From Figure 8, it can be seen that the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers after adding different amounts of hydrogen peroxide have different bulk density values. Among them, the panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers show the obvious decrease of bulk density after adding different amounts of hydrogen peroxide when the addition amount of sodium silicate is less than 2.5%. When the addition amount of hydrogen peroxide is more than 2.5%, the bulk density of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers decreases slowly, which can be explained as follows. When the addition amount of sodium silicate is less than 2.5%, different contents of hydrogen peroxide enter structural unit of panel materials, which can decompose and release more and more oxygen rapidly in the heating process. Consequently, the bulk density of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers decreases significantly along with the increase of addition amount of hydrogen peroxide. When the addition amount of sodium silicate is more than 2.5%, contents of oxygen tend to be saturated and agglomerating action increases, therefore the bulk density of panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers decreases slowly. At the same time, the compressive strength value of panel materials treated by 2.5% of hydrogen peroxide is 0.39 MPa, which meets the requirement of GB 4272-92 and JGJ144-2008. According to the above analysis, 2.5% is selected as the optimal condition of addition amount of hydrogen peroxide value in order to obtain the thermal insulation inorganic panel. Thus, the optimal process of heat insulation materials performance is shown as follows: 120°C of drying temperature, 1.6% of sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive, 12% of sodium fluorosilicate as curing agent in sodium silicate, and 2.5% of hydrogen peroxide. The thermal insulation effect of thermal insulation energy saving panel materials is shown in Figure 9. From Figure 9, it can be seen that the lower air temperature is much lower than the upper one, which indicates that the panel materials as prepared could arrest heat transmission effectively.

Figure 10 shows the cross-section microstructure of thermal insulation energy saving panel materials. We can see from Figure 10 that the sepiolite nanofibers were well distributed and combined tightly with each other in the thermal insulation energy saving panel materials. The matching function of vacuum construction in the sepiolite nanofibers and void among sepiolite nanofibers could arrest heat conduction effectively.

4. Conclusions

The thermal insulation energy saving panel materials containing sepiolite nanofibers with characteristics of high efficiency and low cost were prepared by the synergistic action of water soluble sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive, sodium fluorosilicate as curing agent, and hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that the thermal insulation energy saving panel materials as prepared with microporous and mesoporous structure have high compressive strength and low bulk density. The optimal process of heat insulation materials performance was as follows: 120°C of drying temperature, 1.6% of sodium silicate as inorganic adhesive, 12% of sodium fluorosilicate as curing agent in sodium silicate, and 2.5% of hydrogen peroxide. Accordingly, the thermal insulation energy saving panel materials as prepared have good thermal insulation effect and high mechanical performance.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the Application Foundation and Advanced Technology Research Program of Tianjin, China (Grant no. 12JCQNJC02100) and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (Grant no. 2011BAE30B04).

References

L. E. Mavromatidis, M. EL Mankibi, P. Michel, and M. Santamouris, “Numerical estimation of time lags and decrement factors for wall complexes including Multilayer Thermal Insulation, in two different climatic zones,” Applied Energy, vol. 92, pp. 480–491, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. M. Lewandowski and W. L. Iwaniak, “The external walls of a passive building: a classification and description of their thermal and optical properties,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 69, pp. 93–102, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. G. Yang, L. Xu, L. Q. Zhang, and N. Chen, “An adiabatic calorimeter for heat capacity measurements of polyurethane foam with blowing agent of HFC245fa in the temperature range 60–290K,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 47, no. 9-10, pp. 1124–1132, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Q. Zhang et al., “Finite element simulation of stress distribution and development in 8YSZ and double-ceramic-layer La₂Zr₂O₇/8YSZ thermal barrier coatings during thermal shock,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 258, no. 8, pp. 3540–3551, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. H. Liang, H. Wei, X. C. Chang, W. Xu, X. N. Li, and Y. G. Wei, “Enhanced insulation temperature and the reduced thermal conductivity of nanostructured ceramic coating systems,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 65, pp. 219–224, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Joly, P. Brun, J. Lacombe, G. Tricot, and A. Denoirjean, “Structural characterization of an electrically insulating diffusion barrier on a plasma-sprayed ceramic for severe environment applications,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 220, pp. 204–208, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Ghasemi, R. S. Razavi, R. Mozafarinia, and H. Jamali, “Laser glazing of plasma-sprayed nanostructured yttria stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings,” Ceramics International, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 9483–9490, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. B. Ekici, A. A. Gulten, and U. T. Aksoy, “A study on the optimum insulation thicknesses of various types of external walls with respect to different materials, fuels and climate zones in Turkey,” Applied Energy, vol. 92, pp. 211–217, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Zhou, Z. Z. Jing, Y. Zhang, K. Wu, and E. H. Ishida, “Stability, hardening and porosity evolution during hydrothermal solidification of sepiolite clay,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 69, pp. 30–36, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. M. Jin, K. X. Cui, H. Guan, M. Yang, L. Liu, and C. Lan, “Preparation of mesoporous MCM-41 from natural sepiolite and its catalytic activity of cracking waste polystyrene plastics,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 56, pp. 1–6, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Suarez and E. Garcia-Romero, “Variability of the surface properties of sepiolite,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 67-68, pp. 72–82, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
A. S. Özcan and Ö. Gök, “Structural characterization of dodecyltrimethylammonium (DTMA) bromide modified sepiolite and its adsorption isotherm studies,” Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 1007, pp. 36–44, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Chen, H. Lu, Y. Zhou, M. Zheng, C. Ke, and D. Zeng, “Study on thermal properties of polyurethane nanocomposites based on organo-sepiolite,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 242–247, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. B. Sun, G. H. Sun, Y. M. Xu et al., “In situ stabilization remediation of cadmium contaminated soils of wastewater irrigation region using sepiolite,” Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1799–1805, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Uurlu and M. H. Karaolu, “Adsorption of ammonium from an aqueous solution by fly ash and sepiolite: isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis,” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 139, no. 1–3, pp. 173–178, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Cheng, L. Ma, J. Ren et al., “Preparation of polyethersulfone-modified sepiolite hybrid particles for the removal of environmental toxins,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 171, no. 3, pp. 1132–1142, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Pina-Zapardiel, A. Esteban-Cubillo, J. F. Bartolome, C. Pecharroman, and J. S. Moya, “High wear resistance white ceramic glaze containing needle like zircon single crystals by the addition of sepiolite n-ZrO₂,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 33, pp. 3379–3385, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. M. Sevim, R. Hojiyev, A. Gül, and M. S. Çelik, “An investigation of the kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption of a cationic cobalt porphyrazine onto sepiolite,” Dyes and Pigments, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 25–38, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. F. Jones and K. M. Conko, “Environmental influences on the occurrences of sepiolite and palygorskite: a brief review,” Developments in Clay Science, vol. 3, pp. 69–83, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Garcia-Romero and M. Suarez, “Sepiolite-palygorskite: textural study and genetic considerations,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 86, pp. 129–144, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Wang, J. Liang, Q. Tang, L. Li, and L. Han, “Preparation and far infrared emission properties of natural sepiolite nanofibers,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 2017–2022, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Yin, J.-S. Liang, Q.-G. Tang, G.-C. Liang, L.-J. Wang, and G.-S. Li, “Influence of sepiolite microstructure on thermal insulation properties of coating material,” Journal of Synthetic Crystals, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 519–524, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Miura, K. Nakazawa, T. Takei et al., “Acid-, base-, and heat-induced degradation behavior of Chinese sepiolite,” Ceramics International, vol. 38, pp. 4677–4684, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Tunç, O. Duman, and A. Çetinkaya, “Electrokinetic and rheological properties of sepiolite suspensions in the presence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide,” Colloids and Surfaces A, vol. 377, no. 1–3, pp. 123–129, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. H. Duan, J. Han, Y. Song et al., “Adsorption of styrene on the hydrothermal-modified sepiolite,” Materials Letters, vol. 111, pp. 150–153, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Eren, H. Gumus, and A. Sarihan, “An investigation of the catalytic decomposition of formic acid on raw and manganese oxide coated sepiolite surfaces,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 62-63, pp. 1–7, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. G. Tang, J. S. Liang, G. C. Liang, and F. Wang, “Equipment for checking-out effect of heat insulation for building material, checking-out method and evaluation method,” CN 200610015611. 9A, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Jin, E. A. Prasetyanto, N. Jiang, S.-M. Oh, and S.-E. Park, “Length dependency of hydrocarbon adsorption on nanostacked MFI zeolite by tracer chromatography,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 256, no. 17, pp. 5508–5512, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Sako and J. Sakai, “Effect of curing temperature on coating structure and corrosion resistance of ammonium zirconium carbonate on galvanized steel surface,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 219, pp. 42–49, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Zhang, D. Wang, and G. Zhang, “Photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants by TiO₂/sepiolite composites prepared at low temperature,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 173, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Tunç, O. Duman, and B. Kanci, “Rheological measurements of Na-bentonite and sepiolite particles in the presence of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodium tetradecyl sulfonate and Brij 30 surfactants,” Colloids and Surfaces A, vol. 398, pp. 37–47, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. F. Jones and K. M. Conko, “Environmental influences on the occurrences of sepiolite and palygorskite: a brief review,” Developments in Clay Science, vol. 3, pp. 69–83, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Chen, S. Wang, and Z. Li, “Fabrication and characterization of aluminum silicate fiber-reinforced hollow mesoporous silica microspheres composites,” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 152, pp. 104–109, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Du, J. Fan, H. Wu, and W. Sun, “Optimal porosity distribution of fibrous insulation,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 52, no. 19-20, pp. 4350–4357, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Arambakam, H. V. Tafreshi, and B. Pourdeyhimi, “A simple simulation method for designing fibrous insulation materials,” Materials and Design, vol. 44, pp. 99–106, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Fei Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2480

Downloads

1218

Citations