Acute Toxicity of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Three Aquatic Organisms

Table 3

Lethal concentrations (LC₅₀s and 95% confidence intervals) for Poecilia reticulata following 96 h exposure to pristine and oxidised double-walled carbon nanotubes at different ionic strengths and humic acid (HA) concentrations. LC₅₀s with common alphabetical superscript do not differ significantly ().

Exposure	Physicochemical characteristics	EC50 (mg/L)	Confidence limits (mg/L)
Pristine	0.00335 (control reconstituted water) M Na	113.64^a	43.34–267.66
	0.00585 M Na	261.0	110.7–447.20
	0.00835 M Na	>500
	0.0139 M Na	>500
Oxidised	0.00335 (control reconstituted water) M Na	214^a	89.9–269
	0.0083585 M Na	>500
	0.00835 M Na	>500
	0.0139 M Na	>500
Pristine	0.00449 M Ca	112.53^a	50.60–316.60
	0.0226 M Ca	113.64^a	43.66–113.64
	0.03395 M Ca	>500
Oxidised	0.00449 M Ca	274.17^a	113–439
	0.0226 M Ca	214^a	89.9–269.1
	0.03395 M Ca	>500
Pristine	0 (control reconstituted water) M Na	113.64^a	43.34–267.66
	0.9 mg/L HA	106.93^a	66.88–139.03
	1.81 mg/L HA	84.15^a	28.00–171.27
	3.64 mg/L HA	64.56^a	19.23–122.02
Oxidised	0 (control reconstituted water) M Na	214.00^a	89.90–269.1
	0.9 mg/L HA	193.77^b	97.44–287.11
	1.81 mg/L HA	195.33^b	91.7–322.30
	3.64 mg/L HA	184.0^b	100.3–316.10