Characterization and Evaluation of the Improved Performance of Modified Reverse Osmosis Membranes by Incorporation of Various Organic Modifiers and SnO₂ Nanoparticles

Table 1

Showing summary of previous studies.

Nanoparticles type	Method	Measuring conditions	Modified membrane properties	Salt rejection	Flux; L/m^2h	Ref.
Silica nanoparticles	IP (MPD/TMC).; Silica in MPD/water.	NaCl aqueous solution of 2000 ppm, pressures of 250 psig.	Tunable pore radius and higher thermal stability.	71.7	40.8	[12]
Silver nanoparticles	IP (MPD/BTC).; Silica in BTC.	2000 ppm aqueous; MgSO4 solution, pressures of 250 psig.	Higher antibiofouling effect.	97	94	[14]
TiO2 nanoparticles	IP (MPD/TMC).; TiO2 in TMC and HCFC.	2000 ppm MgSO4 solution at a pressure of 0.2–1 MPa and 25°C.	Enhanced surface hydrophilicity.	95	9.1	[15]
Zeolite nanoparticles	IP (MPD/TMC).; NaY in TMC/hexane.	2000 ppm solutions of (a) NaCl, (b) MgSO4, and (c) PEG200; pressure of 1.55 MPa.	Increased roughness and contact angle.	90.5	43.7	[18]
Zeolite nanoparticles	IP (MPD/TMC).; NaA in TMC/hexane.	2000 ppm NaCl solution at 25°C; pressure of 1.6 MPa.	Smoother, hydrophilic and negatively charged surfaces.	93	40.2	[19]
Silica nanoparticles	IP (MPD/TMC).; Silica in MPD/water.	500 ppm dioxane; pressure 50–200 psig.	Silica particle interacting well with the polyamide.	91	27.2	[36]
TiO2 nanoparticles	The neat TFC membrane was dipped in the transparent TiO2 colloidal solution.	2000 ppm NaCl solution at 25°C; pressure 225 psi.	Higher photocatalytic bactericidal efficiency under UV light.	96.6	24.5	[37]
Al2O3 nanoparticles	IP (MPD/TMC).; Al2O3 in TMC/hexane.	NaCl aqueous solutions of 1000 ppm, pressure of 1 MPa, and a temperature of 25°C.	Enhanced surface hydrophilicity.	88	5	[39]