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Nanoparticles type | Method | Measuring conditions | Modified membrane properties | Salt rejection | Flux L/m2h | Ref. |
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Silica nanoparticles | IP (MPD/TMC). Silica in MPD/water. | NaCl aqueous solution of 2000 ppm, pressures of 250 psig. | Tunable pore radius and higher thermal stability. | 71.7 | 40.8 | [12] |
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Silver nanoparticles | IP (MPD/BTC). Silica in BTC. | 2000 ppm aqueous MgSO4 solution, pressures of 250 psig. | Higher antibiofouling effect. | 97 | 94 | [14] |
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TiO2 nanoparticles | IP (MPD/TMC). TiO2 in TMC and HCFC. | 2000 ppm MgSO4 solution at a pressure of 0.2–1 MPa and 25°C. | Enhanced surface hydrophilicity. | 95 | 9.1 | [15] |
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Zeolite nanoparticles | IP (MPD/TMC). NaY in TMC/hexane. | 2000 ppm solutions of (a) NaCl, (b) MgSO4, and (c) PEG200; pressure of 1.55 MPa. | Increased roughness and contact angle. | 90.5 | 43.7 | [18] |
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Zeolite nanoparticles | IP (MPD/TMC). NaA in TMC/hexane. | 2000 ppm NaCl solution at 25°C; pressure of 1.6 MPa. | Smoother, hydrophilic and negatively charged surfaces. | 93 | 40.2 | [19] |
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Silica nanoparticles | IP (MPD/TMC). Silica in MPD/water. | 500 ppm dioxane; pressure 50–200 psig. | Silica particle interacting well with the polyamide. | 91 | 27.2 | [36] |
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TiO2 nanoparticles | The neat TFC membrane was dipped in the transparent TiO2 colloidal solution. | 2000 ppm NaCl solution at 25°C; pressure 225 psi. | Higher photocatalytic bactericidal efficiency under UV light. | 96.6 | 24.5 | [37] |
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Al2O3 nanoparticles | IP (MPD/TMC). Al2O3 in TMC/hexane. | NaCl aqueous solutions of 1000 ppm, pressure of 1 MPa, and a temperature of 25°C. | Enhanced surface hydrophilicity. | 88 | 5 | [39] |
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