Controlled Orientation and Improved Photovoltaic Characteristics of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Solar Cells via Using In₂Se₃ Seeding Layers

Figure 4

Scanning electron micrographs of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ films employing the seeding layers (a) without selenization and selenized at (b) 300°C, (c) 400°C, and (d) 500°C. Insets refer to the cross-section micrographs of the corresponding films.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)