Abstract
Flexible solar cells have drawn a great deal of attention due to their various advantages including deformable and wearable characteristics. In the solar cells, the antireflection layer plays an important role in the improvement in the conversion efficiency by increasing the light transmission and suppressing the Fresnel refraction. For the successful implantation of the antireflection layer into the flexible solar cells, the flexible mechanical property of the antireflection layer is also necessary. However, the study on flexible antireflection layer for the flexible solar cells or optoelectronics is still lacking. In this study, we report the graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array as a flexible antireflection layer for the application in flexible solar cells. Flexible two-dimensional graphene sheet and the tapered morphology of ZnO nanorods enable conformal coverage on the flexible substrate with curved surface and significant improvements in antireflection properties, respectively.
1. Introduction
Flexible solar cells have drawn a great deal of attention in recent years due to their various advantages including lightweight, deformable, and wearable characteristics [1, 2]. Significant advances in both the performance and the processability have been achieved via engineering in active materials [3–5] and cell structures [6–8]. Antireflection layer is considered as an indispensable component in solar cells as it plays an important role in the improvement in the conversion efficiency of solar cells by increasing the light transmission and suppressing the Fresnel refraction of a material over a broad range of wavelengths [9–11]. Although many studies on flexible solar cells were carried out, the study on antireflection layer for the flexible solar cells or optoelectronics is still lacking. Recently, the transparent paper-based antireflection coating method was reported to improve the solar cells efficiency, which shows the possibility of utilizing it in the flexible solar cells [12–14]. However, further study should be carried out for its practical use.
Among various antireflection materials, ZnO, which is a semiconducting material with a wide-direct band gap of 3.37 eV, has been considered as a promising candidate owing to its high transmittance and appropriate refractive index (, at a wave length of 600 nm) associated with that of air (). In particular, ZnO nanorods array, with vertically aligned one-dimensional geometry, shows promise due to ability to form textured coating via anisotropic growth and its significant surface to volume ratio [15–17]. Chung et al. demonstrated that ZnO nanorods array enables the significant improvement in the light trapping and the reduction in Frensel reflection resulting from the grading in the reflection index by avoiding the abrupt transition at the air/solar cells interface [18]. Furthermore, antireflection property of ZnO nanorods array could be further improved by engineering the morphology at the tip. Lee et al. demonstrated that tapering at the tip of ZnO nanorod leads to significant improvement in antireflection property by the elimination of interference fringes through roughening of the air-ZnO interface [19]. Graphene, a single-layered two-dimensional carbon sheet with a hexagonal packed lattice structure, has also received significant attention for the various applications including an active material for the electronic devices, a sacrificial template for the synthesis of 2D materials and due to its unique physicochemical properties. In particular, excellent mechanical properties of graphene sheet, the breaking strength of 42 N m−1 and Young’s modulus of 1.0 TPa, enables its practical use as a flexible and transparent electrode for various flexible devices [20]. Wang et al. demonstrated that the device thickness plays an important role on conformal contact between the flexible device and the desirable substrate [21]. Graphene could be the promising substrate for the fabrication of flexible antireflection layer based on ZnO nanorods array due to above mentioned advantages.
In this study, we report graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array as a flexible antireflection layer for the flexible solar cells application. Flexible two-dimensional graphene sheet enables conformal coverage on the curved and bumpy surface even under highly bended condition. Our designed graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate exhibited robust antireflection properties after several bending experiences. We achieve robust and excellent antireflection properties on the bumpy surface by combining the advantages of the flexibility from the graphene sheet and significantly improved antireflection properties from tapered ZnO nanorods array.
2. Materials and Methods
The graphene sheet was synthesized on 25 µm thick copper foil by chemical vapor deposition method at 1,000°C under a 30–50 sccm of CH4 for 30 min. The synthesis of graphene sheet is described elsewhere in detail [22]. ZnO thin film as a seed layer for the synthesis of ZnO nanorods was deposited on the graphene using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The typical ZnO nanorods were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. ZnO seed layer coated substrate was immersed into aqueous solution containing 0.025 M zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.025 M hexamethylenetetramine (Sigma-Aldrich) at 80°C. 1,3-Diaminopropane (Aldrich, 190 mM) was added into the precursor solution to synthesize tapered ZnO nanorods. The typical and tapered ZnO nanorods grown on the graphene substrate were washed by deionized water. Detailed synthesis method for ZnO nanorods array is described elsewhere [19, 23]. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184, Dow Corning), with base to cross-linking agent with a mass ratio of 10 : 1, was employed as a flexible substrate to evaluate the optical properties of graphene-ZnO nanorods array as an antireflection layer on the flexible substrate. As synthesized samples were characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, S-4700, Hitachi, Hitachi City, Japan), X-ray diffraction (PANalytical X’Pert, Almelo, Netherlands), and optical microscope (Olympus U-TV 0.5XC2, Japan). Optical properties were evaluated using Varian Carry 5000 model UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer.
3. Results and Discussion
Scheme 1 demonstrates the fabrication process of graphene-ZnO nanorods array. Graphene sheet is synthesized on the Cu foil using chemical vapor deposition method and then carefully transferred to the slide glass by selective etching of metal foil. Typical ZnO nanorods and tapered ZnO nanorods arrays were synthesized on the graphene sheet using hydrothermal method. (Please see the experimental part for detailed information). The graphene-ZnO nanorods array was detached from the slide glass and then transferred to the desirable surface of the devices.
Figure 1 presents the photographs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the graphene sheet and ZnO nanorods arrays on the graphene sheet. As shown in Figure 1(a), graphene sheet was successfully transferred to the slide glass from the Cu foil. As shown in cross-sectional SEM images (Figures 1(d) and 1(g)), the length of typical ZnO nanorods and tapered ZnO nanorods grown on the graphene sheet is identical (~2 μm). The tilted SEM images show the vertically aligned geometry of both ZnO nanorods arrays. The flat top and tapered shape at the tip are clearly observed in typical ZnO nanorods and tapered ZnO nanorods, respectively, in high magnification SEM images. The insets in Figures 1(f) and 1(i) present schematic illustration of the morphologies of typical ZnO and tapered ZnO nanorods. The densities of both ZnO nanorods arrays are about 9 × 108/cm2. Typical ZnO nanorod and tapered ZnO nanorod have the diameters of 300 nm and 50 nm at the tip, respectively.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out to study the crystallinity and orientations of typical ZnO nanorods and tapered ZnO nanorods arrays on the graphene sheet. In Figure 2(a) no noticeable difference between both ZnO nanorod arrays was observed in XRD result. Both ZnO nanorods arrays exhibit diffraction peaks at 2θ = 34.4° and 63.4°, corresponding to the (002) and (103) planes of the hexagonal wurtzite ZnO phase. A strong peak at 2θ = 34.4° indicates the preferred growth direction of ZnO phase with (002). Raman spectroscopy was employed to further investigate the structural characterizations of graphene sheet, graphene-typical ZnO nanorods array and graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array. In Figure 2(b) the graphene sheet presents the typical Raman spectrum of one layer graphene [22]. The new peak at 1345 cm−1 assigned to D band was generated after ZnO nanorods growth regardless of their shape at the tip, which indicates a reduction of the average size of the sp2 domains and the generation of defects after ZnO nanorods growth [24–26]. We also carefully measured the Raman spectrum of the graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods arrays after their transfer from the glass to the flat and rough PDMS substrate. The results are exhibited in Figure S1, in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/925863, a noticeable difference in the spectra was not observed before/after the transfer of the graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods arrays, which indicates that the graphene layer was successfully transferred to the flat and rough PDMS substrate.
(a)
(b)
The reflectance spectra for graphene, graphene-ZnO nanorods, and graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods arrays on the glass were evaluated to determine their antireflection properties in the wave length range from 350 nm to 400 nm using the standard UV-vis spectrometer. In Figure 3, the reflectance of the bare glass was also measured for comparison. Graphene sheet does not provide any antireflection property on the glass. However, both graphene-ZnO nanorods and graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods arrays coated glass exhibited significantly low reflectance over a wide range of wavelengths compared to graphene coated glass, which results from the textured coating via anisotropic growth and appropriate refractive index [27, 28]. As expected, the tapered ZnO nanorods array coated glass shows further improved antireflection property, which is attributed to the elimination of interference fringes through roughening of the air-ZnO interface [19].
In order to study the antireflection properties of the graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array on the flexible substrate with rough surface, two types of PDMS with flat surface and bumpy surface were prepared as a substrate for this study (Figure 4). The PDMS with rough surface exhibits much reduced reflectance compared to that of flat PDMS due to texturing effect. While the graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array coated flat PDMS substrate presents comparable antireflection property with that of PDMS with rough surface, the graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array coated PDMS with rough surface has the lowest reflectance, which indicates that the graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array was conformably transferred to the flexible substrate with the rough surface. The mechanical properties of the PDMS/graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array were evaluated as a function of the number of times being bended (Figure 5). Both the flat and rough PDMS/graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array exhibited robust antireflection properties even after several bending experiences without the degradation of its mechanical properties.
(a)
(b)
4. Conclusion
In this study, we explored the antireflection properties of graphene-ZnO nanorods and graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods arrays for the application in flexible solar cells. The graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array shows excellent antireflection performance compared to that of the graphene-typical ZnO nanorods array. Furthermore, the graphene-tapered ZnO nanorods array is successfully transferred to the flexible substrate with the rough surface without degradation in mechanical and optical properties. Our design strategy for flexible antireflection layer could be extended to other optoelectronics.
Conflict of Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the 2015 Yeungnam University research grant (215A580031).
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Material provides Raman data for graphene – tapered ZnO nanorods array on the flat and rough PDMS substrates.