Characterization of Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions of Amyloid Fibrils by AFM-Based Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Table 2

Assembly parameters of various amyloid fibrils in different experimental conditions.

Disease	Species	Oligomer	Protofibril	Fibrils	Temperature	Ph	Substrates	Concentration	Buffer	Reference
Dialysis related amyloidosis	β2M	26 min	89 min	164 min	37°C	3.6	Mica	1 mg/mL	0.4 M NaCl	[55]
Diabetes (type 1 or type 2)	Insulin	N/A	N/A	250~280 min	60°C	1.6	Mica	200 μM	50 mM KCl/HCl in Millipore Super-Q water	[57]
	Insulin	30 s	5 min	10 min	60°C	1.6	Mica	170 μM	Ultrapure water	[38]
	IAPP	180 min	13.5 h	N/A	23°C	7.0	DOPC/DOPG	1 µM	Phosphate buffer solution	[58]
	β-Lacloglobulin	10 min	120 min	24 h	80°C	2.0	Mica	4% w/w	Deionized water	[49]
	β-Lactoglobulin	45 min	85 min	100 min	80°C	2.6	Mica	20 g/L	Milli-Q water	[50]
	Aβ26–35	N/A	84 min	120 min	23°C	7.4	POPC SLB	50 μM	Water	[42]
	Aβ1–42	10 min	N/A	72 h	37°C	N/A	Mica	62.5 μM	Phosphate-buffered saline	[59]
Parkinson	α-Synuclein	21 days	32 days	42 days	23°C	7.5	Mica	300 μM	20 mM sodium phosphate buffer	[35]
N/A	Glucagon	90 min	420 min	20 h	23°C	2.0	Mica	2.5 mg/mL	10 mM HCl and 1 mM Na2SO4	[56]
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy	Yeast Prion Sup35	15 min	25 min	240 min	25°C	5.0	Mica	5 μM	Phosphate buffer	[60]
Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy	TTR105–115	N/A	24 h	60 h	25°C	1.9	Mica	1 µM	HPLC grade water	[61]
Systemic AL amyloidosis	Ig light-chain	N/A	N/A	10 h	37°C	2.0	Mica	N/A	50 mM sodium acetate buffer	[62]