Improved Bonding Strength of Hydroxyapatite on Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays following Alkaline Pretreatment for Orthopedic Implants

Figure 1

FE-SEM images of nanotube arrays anodized at 5°C, +20/−4 V (a); 5°C, +35/−4 V (b); 25°C, +20/−4 V (c); and 25°C, +35/−4 V (d) for 90 minutes. Scale bars are 500 nm. The insets showed cross sections of the anodized TiO₂ films.

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