| | Type of NPs | Plant extract used | UV–visible (nm) | FTIR | Size/shape/morphology | Biological activity | References |
| | Ag NPs | Pyrostegia venusta leaf aqueous extract | 381 | 3,355 cm−1 (N–H, amines/amides), 3,279 cm−1 (C–H, terminal alkynes), 2,930 cm−1 (C–H, alkanes), 2,426 cm−1 (O–H, carboxylic acids), 2,095 cm−1 (C≡C, alkynes), 1,771 cm−1 (C–H, aromatic), 1,601 cm−1 (C=C, α-β unsaturated ketone), 1,383 cm−1 (S=O, sulfate/sulfonyl chloride) | 12.56 nm and poly-dispersed, spherical shape | Antimicrobial activity | [323] |
| | Ag NPs | Simpicillium lanosoniveum | 430 | Alcohol and phenolic group at 3,330 cm−1 (O–H or N–H), carboxylic acids at 2,343 cm−1 (O–H), amino acid at 1,643 cm−1 (C=O), phenol group at 1,079 cm−1 (O–H) | 20–25 nm, spherical, polydisperse | Antioxidant, antibacterial, antiangiogenic, and cytotoxic activity | [324] |
| | Ag NPs | Cleome brachycarpa aqueous extract | 437 | 3,293 cm−1 (O–H, phenol), 1,389 cm−1 (C–N, amide group), 1,189 cm−1 (phenol) | 20–80 nm, spherical | Anticancer activity | [325] |
| | Ag NPs | Rhizoctonia solani fungi extract | 420 | 3,609 cm−1 (O–H, phenolic group), 2,878 cm−1 (–C–H), 2,141 cm−1 (C–N group), 1845 cm−1, 1,321 cm−1, and 801 cm−1 (C–O–, –C–O–C–, amide, and N–H) | 5–10 nm, face centered cubic shape | Antimicrobial activity | [326] |
| | Ag and CuO NPs | Amomum subulatum fruit extract | 245 and 440 | 3,321 cm−1 (O–H, N–H), 1636 cm−1 (C=C–) and 3,323 cm−1 (N–H), 1638 cm−1 (–C=C–), 1,364 cm−1, (C–N), 1,145 cm−1, (C–O–C) | 20.6 nm and 24.7 nm spherical, polydisperse | Antibacterial, anticancer activity | [42] |
| | Ni NPs | Alhagi maurorum leaf aqueous extract | 341 | 414, 474 and 617 cm−1 (Ni–O), 404, 2,927 cm−1 (O–H) and (C–H), 1,431–1,675 cm−1 (C=C) and (C=O), 1,261 cm−1 and 1,085 cm−1 (–C–O), (C–N) | 20.56–36.63 nm, spherical shape | Anticancer activity | [327] |
| | Ni NPs | Fumaria officinalis leaves extract | 341 | 433, 534, and 603 cm−1 (Ni–O), 3,404 cm−1 and 2,927 cm−1 (O–H) and (C–H), 1,431–1,675 cm−1 (C=C and C=O), 1,261 cm−1, 1,085 cm−1, (C–O, C–N), 1,675 cm−1 (C=C and C=O), 1,261 cm−1, 1,085 cm−1 (–C–O, C–N) | 16.85–49.04 nm, spherical shape | Anticancer activity | [328] |
| | CaO NPs | Ficus carica fruit extract | 360 | 661 cm−1 (Ca-halogen), 767 cm−1 (Ca–O), 809 cm−1 (C–H), 897 cm−1, (C–C–, Ca–O–Ca), 954 cm−1 (OH, alcohol), 1,195 cm−1 (amine), 1,503 cm−1, 2,574 cm−1 (COOH), 2,945 cm−1 (C–H), 3,386 cm−1 (N–H–, C–H–, O–H) 3,696 cm−1 (amide) | 68.6 nm, irregular shape | Antibacterial, antibiofilm activity | [329] |
| | CeO2 NPs | Colocasia esculenta leaf extract | 213 | 3,431 cm−1 (O–H), 1,077 cm−1 (C–O), and 1,634 cm−1 (C=O, carboxylic acids and esters) | 2.04 nm, spherical | Seed germination | [330] |
| | CeO2 NPs and CuO NPs | Fenugreek leaves aqueous extract | 200–900 | NA | 7.2 nm and 10.96 nm, spherical | Anticancer activity | [331] |
| | CuO NPs | Ganoderma sessile fungus extract | 290.73 | 3,387 cm−1 (N–H), 3,268 cm−1 (OH), 1,077 cm−1 (R-NH2) | 1–15 nm (mean size 4.5 ± 1.9 nm), quasi-spherical | Antibacterial, anticancer activity | [332] |
| | CuO NPs | Aloe vera leaves extract | 288 | NA | 27.35, 20.79, and 22.18 nm (at different concentration), spherical | Antibacterial, anticancer activity | [333] |
| | CuO NPs | Phyllanthus reticulatus/Conyza bonariensis leaves extract | 375 | 589 cm−1 and 616 cm−1 (Cu–O), 1,609 cm−1, 3,200–3,500 cm−1 (H–O–H) and (O–H) | 4–14 nm homogenized, monodisperse nanospheres. | Antibacterial, antioxidant activity | [334] |
| | FeO NPs | Leptolyngbya sp. L-extract | 300 | 3,272 cm−1 (O–H), 1,650 cm−1 (amino group), 2,990 cm−1 (methylene group) | 23 nm, crystalline rhombohedral hematite | Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant activity | [335] |
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