Abstract
Aim. To examine the interface of two self-etchings in carious affected dentin (CAD), under clinical conditions. Materials and Methods. Class I cavities were prepared in 21 carious premolars, refining them by the use of a fine diamond bur in order to create similar smear layer interference. The mild self-etching Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), pH = 2.0, and the strong Tyrian SPE-One Step Plus (TSO), pH = 0.5, were applied followed by a composite. Teeth were extracted and processed for TEM. The primer’s osmolarity of the self-etchings was also calculated using a microosmometer. Results. CSE hybrid layer retained smear layer residues and scattered crystallites as an effect of the mild acidity. A high presence of hydroxyapatite still protected the affected fibres within the hybrid layer. CSE primer demonstrated values of 3220 mOsm/kg. TSO interdiffusion showed strong demineralization. Resin tags were not formed in the dentinal tubules which remained obstructed by crystals. However, dissolution of peritubular dentin and porosities were observed in the intertubular regions. The osmolarity of TSO was 8200 mOsm/kg. Conclusion. Increasing the acidity and osmolarity of the self-etchings increases interference in the homogeneous reinforcement of CAD, which may predispose the hybrid layer to instability and hydrolytic degradation overtime.
1. Introduction
In adhesive dentistry, carious affected dentin (CAD) represents a very common substrate. This is a result of “minimal invasion therapy” [1], which tends to fulfil the main requirements of a more conservative and aesthetic treatment with maximum conservation of tooth structure, already compromised by the bacterial infection.
Although CAD is able to interact with adhesive monomers [2], the hybrid layer may become unstable over time due to the complex tissue changes by the bacterial attack that lower the tensile strength and Knoop hardness in respect to normal dentin [3, 4]. This has been linked to the loss of minerals in intertubular dentin [5] that, at the same time, increases wetness with interference to infiltration of the monomers [6, 7].
When self-etching systems are used, bond strength has been related to the homogeneity of interdiffusion proceeding from the top smear layer toward the underlying features of the affected tissue [8, 9]. From this point of view, the maintenance of acid resistant mineral occlusions in the affected tubules [4] with prevention of resin tags is not an important reason for lower strength than sound dentin, but a nonhomogeneous, poor infiltration of CAD would be the main reason [10].
Poor infiltration may be caused by the incapacity of self-etchings to completely infiltrate a thick and irregular smear layer, particularly when mild self-etching adhesives (pH = 2.0) are used [8]. This interference may cause a significant decrease in effectiveness of the hybrid layer after water exposure, with nanoleakage and degradation [11]. By lowering the pH of the primer by using strong self-etchings (pH ≤ 1) infiltration of the smear layer may be ensured; however more calcium-phosphate is dissolved, increasing wetness and porosities in clinical conditions [12, 13]. In fact, wetness may be already influenced by the clinical situation of pulpal pressure [14, 15] and the osmolarity of acidic primers [16], which favour the outward movement of dentinal fluids towards the surfaces of bonding.
To allow homogeneous infiltration of the smear in sound dentin, it was suggested that a thin smear layer of particles be produced in the surface by refining cavities with fine grit diamond burs [17]. However, this clinical procedure has not been evaluated in CAD, in which the morphology and chemical composition of the smear are different from those of unaltered dentin because of the diverse mineral/organic composition. The smear layer in CAD is richer in organic components and appears thicker than in sound dentin. The collagen component is a highly disorganized trapping mineral and cannot be easily removed even when strong acids are used [18]. A greater amount of “collagen smear layer,” compared with sound dentin, may be present on the surface of CAD because acids only solubilize the mineral component of the smear layer [12]. This collagen smear layer is impermeable to the monomers which inhibits uniform infiltration and will affect the quality of the bonding. Thus, the CAD smear layer may interfere with the infiltration of self-etching adhesives regardless of the manner in which it is created.
Although many studies have investigated the influence of dentin characteristics on bonding, little research has attempted to correlate self-etchings with the heterogeneous aspects of vital CAD in daily practice under clinical conditions. By carrying out clinical studies it is possible to evaluate the morphological expression of the bonding procedure as a result of the simultaneous interaction of tooth-adhesives in clinical conditions.
The object of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of interdiffusion of two types of two-step self-etching systems with differing pH values, bonded clinically in CAD cavities covered with a homogeneous smear layer of debris. The osmolarity of the primer components was also calculated.
2. Methods and Materials
In this study we used two types of two-step self-etching systems:(i)Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan),(ii)Tyrian SPE/One-Step Plus (TOS) (Bisco, IL, USA).
Table 1 shows the ingredients and pH of the adhesives tested.
2.1. Experimental Design
This study was performed under a protocol approved by the Ethical Committee at the University of Sassari, Italy.
Fifteen subjects (mean age 47 ± 3 years), with a total of 21 carious premolars scheduled for extraction for periodontal reasons, were included in the study. The nature and scope of the study were explained to the participants, and informed consent was obtained. The participants consented to the restoration of the carious teeth prior to extraction. Local anaesthetic without vasoconstrictor was administered to each participant and a rubber dam placed.
In the carious premolar teeth, cavities were performed by the same operator using the same equipment for both groups.
The soft caries-infected dentin was carefully removed by means of sharp spoon excavators and number 6 low speed round burs under water spray until the hard, discolored CAD was reached. Then, the cavities were finished using a fine diamond bur (number 8882.314.014 Komet, Lemgo, Germany) in order to create a homogeneous layer of smear debris.
After that, teeth were allocated to three groups (Figure 1), one of which () received no treatment and served as a control of the created smear layer (Group 0); the other two () received treatment using CSE bond (Group 1) and TOS (Group 2).
Both of the self-etching approaches were carried out according to the manufacturers’ instructions (Table 2). The cavities were then bulk-filled with a flowable resin-based composite (Enamel Flow, Micerium, Avegno, Genova, Italy). Extractions were performed about 20 minutes after the polymerization of the adhesive materials.
Adhesive systems and the resin-based composite were cured using a halogen curing light (Optilux 501, Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA; 11 mm exit window) under the standard curing mode (output wavelength range: 400–505 nm; output irradiance: 580–700 mW/cm2) at the standardized distance of 5 mm from the bonding surface.
Immediately after extraction teeth were prepared for TEM processing [19]. Specimens were rinsed in distilled water at 37°C and fixed in a solution of 2.5% glutaraldehyde with 0.1 M PBS buffer, pH 7.2, for 72 hours. The specimens were then sectioned into two halves along their longitudinal axes, and each crown was sectioned from the root using a water-cooled saw (Isomet). Small rectangular fragments of tissue perpendicular to the center of each cavity were also obtained from the occlusal surface to produce 2 × 2 × ~8 mm sticks. Fragments were immersed in an aqueous solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 36 hours. Subsequently, samples were washed in cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4; postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide; and washed twice in cacodylate buffer. They were dehydrated using ethanol in increasing concentrations (25–100%), embedded in epoxy resin, cut into ultrathin sections 80 nm in thickness using a Diatome diamond knife, and stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate. They were then placed on 50 mesh copper grids and observed under TEM (Zeiss 109 EM Turbo).
Osmolarity of each self-etching primer was performed using a microosmometer (The Advanced Micro-Osmometer, Model 3300, Advanced Instrument Inc., Norwood, Massachusetts, USA). For this purpose, 20 μL of CSE and TSO primers was dosed, and osmolarity was analysed in duplicate with the microosmometer, which utilizes freezing point depression thermodynamics. Measurement of the freezing point allows concentrations to be determined with greatest precision owing to the inherent isolation of the sample from the environment by the iced blanket generated when the sample freezes. Each sample was analysed five times in a single batch along the same day.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. TEM Observations
Group 0. A porous, homogeneous layer of debris formed by degenerated fibrils trapping residual crystallites covered the surface of CAD. Tubules within the surface appeared obstructed by dense smear plugs rich in minerals, while others below the surface of the bur-cut dentin seemed occluded by crystals of different electron densities (Figure 2).
Group 1: CSE. The hybrid layer of about 0.5 μm depth exhibited different sublayers, clearly dissimilar in micromorphology and electron densities (Figure 3).
The top layer exhibited an irregular and ruffled border of retained, hybridized smear layer of denatured collagen and scattered mineralized debris. Smear layer material was also seen within the dentin front retained in areas formed by partial dissolution of the peritubular affected dentin (Figure 4).
Below this resin infiltered smear layer, the intertubular and peritubular affected dentin appeared tightly infiltered (Figure 5). It was possible to recognize hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals mostly retained within the affected collagen fibrils. A reinforcement of clearly banded collagen fibrils was seen in the deepest zone of the interdiffusion making a sharply demarked reinforcement to the hybrid base.
Resin tags were not observed in the tubules which retained crystals occasionally associated with mineralized bacterial fragments. Nevertheless, tubules within the interface exhibited extreme electron refraction due to the densely infiltrated peritubular dentine, which formed a “ring-shaped” reinforcement around the orifices extended in the intertubular areas (Figure 6).
Group 2: TSO. A 0.2 μm thick hybrid layer was discerned in TSO interdiffusion. No smear layer was detected but a strongly demineralized front of denatured and ragged fibrils formed the uppermost infiltered layer. Collagen fibres, associated with detached crystals, were seen arising from the top and projected into the adhesive layer (Figure 7).
Below this smear layer deprived front, the subsurface was characterized by a band of strongly demineralized collagen, separated by large interfibrillar spaces, and porosities. Electron-dense deposits were also seen probably due to reprecipitation of amorphous calcium-phosphates released by the diffusion of the acidic monomer (Figure 8).
At the base of the interdiffusion, a porous band of partially demineralized collagen was seen forming an irregular deeper layer of weak electron densities.
Resin tags were not formed in the dentinal tubules which remained obstructed by crystals. However, dissolution of peritubular dentin and porosities were observed extending toward the intertubular regions (Figure 9).
3.2. Osmolarity Analyses of the Primers
Figure 10 shows that the osmolarity of CSE primer was 3220 mOsm/kg and the osmolarity of TSO primer demonstrated values of 8200 mOsm/kg.
4. Discussion
Despite the important developments in adhesion in the last decades, bonding in CAD requires further understanding and improvement. Several aspects of enhancing strength and durability of CAD bonding have to be clarified, including understanding the complex heterogeneity and composition of affected dentin, an understanding of the features of the surfaces exposed after cavity preparation and the influence of the characteristics of the adhesives. This increased understanding would be helpful in obtaining a tight resin/dentin interdiffusion, which is compatible with a stable bond as opposed to nanoleakage and hydrolysis by the host derived matrix metalloproteinase.
In this study, in order to evaluate the capacity of interaction of the two self-etchings in CAD, we standardized the smear by finishing the cavity with an extra-fine diamond bur. This resulted in a thinner layer of smear debris, allowing infiltration of the affected dentin regardless of the pH of the acidic monomers [17]. At the same time, we studied the TEM appearance of the bonding obtained under clinical conditions of pulpal pressure, from the point of view of the pH and osmolarity of the adhesives used.
In the case of the CSE, mild self-etching system, the interdiffusion occurred with the inclusion of the top smear layer and the different features of CAD. Acidification occurred only partially, in comparison to the strong self-etching system TSO, keeping the demineralized HAP crystallites still attached to the fibrils.
The hybrid layer was characterized by retained smear layer residues and scattered needle shape crystallites as an effect of the mild acidity of CSE. No effects attributed to the movement of fluids were observed within the interdiffusion, which appeared tightly sealed by the adhesive resin of CSE. The prevention of movement of fluids through the interface could be attributed to the mild demineralization of intertubular affected dentin and the low osmolarity of the primer, rather than to the presence of mineral occlusion in the dentinal tubules, even in the presence of pulpal pressure. Under clinical conditions of pulpal pressure, water movement may occur by way of the channels of least resistance, that is, the intratubular minerals and the thin peritubular dentin, towards the porous intertubular collagen of CAD, producing interference in the reinforcement and voids of resin [15]. Although the mineral deposits were retained in the tubules, peritubular dentin appeared densely infiltered and hybridized toward the intertubular regions without evidence of porosities. Also, the hybridization of the peritubular dentin generated a “ring-shaped” reinforcement which has been claimed to be a source of calcium ions that strongly contribute to the high chemical bonding of self-etchings [20].
The high presence of HAP, still protecting the affected fibres within the submicron hybrid layer, is attributed to the proper mode of interaction of the mild functional monomer 10-MDP in CSE. The 10-MDP has the capacity to interact with the residual HAP establishing primary ionic binding [11, 15, 21–24]. This chemical interaction causes the formation of a regularly layered structure on the surface, within which highly insoluble calcium salts are deposited. Also, the TEM observations show that CLE adequately infiltrates HAP and the partially demineralized collagen matrix, protecting fibrils from being exposed and degraded in environmental fluids [24–27].
The strong self-etching system exhibited different characteristics in CAD. The low pH and high osmolarity of TSO primer played an important role in the morphological aspect of this hybrid layer.
The dentinal front was characterized by deep dissolution of the smear layer and HAP crystallites due to the effect of the strong pH on the affected surface. This produced a hybrid layer whose formation might be similar to that created by the etch and rinse adhesives [28]. Within the calcium-depleted surface the monomer infiltration occurred due to a primary diffusion-based mechanism, creating a bond which is thought to be lower in bond strength than the chemical bonded hybrid layer [22]. The strong pickup of the heavy metal stains which characterized the TEM photomicrographs of this strongly demineralized hybrid layer most likely represents dissolved calcium-phosphates. Such resin-encapsulated calcium-phosphates within the exposed collagen fibrils are somewhat soluble [22, 29] and may result in instability of the interdiffusion, with hydrolytic degradation over time [30].
Also the acidity of TSO and the lower buffer capacity of the tubular crystallites may explain the dissolution of peritubular dentin [12, 13]. These factors resulted in an increase of intertubular demineralization. As a result, demineralization channels were observed extending from both peritubular and intertubular areas and they consisted of small, close-knit aqueous porosities forming a chelation slot, low in infiltrated monomers.
The strong demineralization and the high osmolarity of the primer may have also caused movement of dentinal fluids toward the surface explaining the observation of ragged fibres and detached dentin chips within the adhesive front. Another explanation of the evidence of fluid movements may be the high content of water in self-etching. TSO contains a high concentration of water, which is required to dissociate acidic monomers into ionized forms able to permeate the surface. Water content increases as the acidity of the primer lowers [31]. Mixtures with a high concentration of water and ethanol, such as TSO, may impair polymerization of the monomers within the infiltered surface [32] allowing the passage of fluids. Furthermore, TSO uses a solvent-rich, hydrophilic adhesive coating rather than a hydrophobic one, such as in CLE. This hydrophilic adhesive was not able to prevent the formation of a permeable membrane after the polymerization, explaining the evidence of water movement within the interface and water porosity in the hybrid layer.
Moreover, the high concentration of solvent in TSO may have an influence on the low bonding demonstrated in clinical studies over 18 months of oral exposure [31]. The low effectiveness of TSO has been explained by an incomplete evaporation of the solvent within the interface, preventing an adequate monomer conversion, which may affect the mechanical properties, bond strength, and retention rates of the bonding when in an oral environment.
The poor infiltration related to the overaggressive effect of the demineralization, together with the presence of a hydrophilic coating and an incomplete evaporation of the solvent in TSO, may cause a passage of fluids within the hybrid layer, which leads to the degradation of the interdiffusion of TSO in CAD over time.
5. Conclusions
Under clinical conditions, the effectiveness of bonding in CAD with a homogeneous smear layer is strongly influenced by the chemistry of self-etchings.
The mild CSE self-etching produces a dense and homogeneous infiltration of the CAD smear layer, the peritubular dentin, and the affected collagen fibrils. The presence of HAP in the fibrils seems to ensure a tight bonding which is able to resist degradation over time.
Conversely, the strong TSO completely dissolved the smear layer, producing, at the same time, a poor infiltration of the CAD interface. This poor infiltration may be related to the overaggressive effect of the demineralization that, together with a hydrophilic coating and the incomplete evaporation of the solvent in TSO, may be the cause of a passage of fluids within the hybrid layer.
Far from helping the homogeneity of interdiffusion, increasing the pH and osmolarity of self-etchings in CAD may cause nonhomogeneous reinforcement with infiltration of oral fluids and the failure of the bonding over time.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.