Sustained Self-Regulation of Energy Intake: Initial Hunger Improves Insulin Sensitivity

Table 2

Effects of training on metabolic and intake parameters.

	Control		Trained
	Baseline	After 5 mo.	Baseline	After 5 mo.
Mean pre-meal BG (mg/dL)	85.2±8.1	85.3±7.6	85.6±9.5	79.4±6.5^∗∗∗a∗∗∗b
BG diary SD (mg/dL)^1	8.4±3.0	9.1±3.2	8.4±4.4	6.1±2.4^∗∗∗a∗∗∗b
Glycated Hb (%)	4.55±0.37	4.71±0.40	4.71±0.4.2	4.50±0.43^∗∗∗a∗∗∗b
Insulin AUC^2 (mU L^-13 h^-1)	211±91	225±111	220±127	171±89^∗∗∗b
Insulin peak (mU L^-1)	71±32	74±38	72±46	55±29^∗∗a∗∗∗b
Insulin sens. (index)^3	6.9±3.1	7.0±3.8	7.1±4.1	9.4±5.2^∗∗a∗∗∗b
BG AUC (mg/dL)	597±113	576±116	604±100	555±88^∗∗∗b
BG peak (mg/dL)	131±23	127±28	135±28	126±26^∗∗∗a∗∗b
Energy intake (Cal/d)	1855±579	1649±599	1756±652	1271±517^∗∗∗a∗∗∗b
Meals per day^4	3.9±0.7	3.9±0.7	3.9±0.6	3.7±0.6^∗∗b
Vegetable intake (g/d)	199±209	227±218	313±242	424±239^∗∗∗b
Fruit intake (g/d)	183±148	163±153	221±150	307±259^∗a∗∗b

¹Diary SD refers to BG SD of 21 measurements reported by each of 7 d diary.
²AUC: area under GTT curve.
³Whole body insulin sensitivity index [25].
⁴Meal was an event of higher energy intake than 20 kcal.
Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Peak values include different observations from those at 30’ during GTT. Asterisks indicate significance (Student’s 𝑡-test: ^∗𝑃<.05; ^∗∗𝑃<.01; ^∗∗∗𝑃<.001) of longitudinal difference versus respective control group (a) or versus baseline values of the same group (b).