Clinical Study
Evaluation of Three New Strategies to Fight Obesity in Families
| (a) Baseline characteristics in adults (means ± standard deviations). “+” measure present, “−” measure absent. |
| | Telemedicine | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | Total | | Financial benefit | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | | Dual diet | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | | Calorie restriction | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| | 34 | 28 | 24 | 35 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 142 | | Age () | 41 6 | 38 4 | 40 7 | 38 4 | 40 8 | 39 5 | 39 4 | 38 5 | 39 5 | | Male/female () | 16/18 | 10/18 | 7/17 | 11/24 | 2/5 | 2/3 | 2/3 | 1/3 | 51/91 | | Smoking status, (%) | | | | | | | | | | | current | 11 (32.4) | 10 (35.7) | 4 (16.7) | 10 (28.6) | / | / | 1 (20.0) | / | 36 (25.4) | | former | 12 (35.3) | 10 (35.7) | 6 (25.0) | 14 (40.0) | / | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (25.0) | 45 (31.7) | | never | 11 (32.4) | 8 (28.6) | 14 (58.3) | 11 (31.4) | 7 (100) | 4 (80.0) | 3 (60.0) | 3 (75.0) | 61 (43.0) | | Hyperglycemia, n (%) | 3 (8.8) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (5.7) | / | / | / | / | 7 (4.9) | | BMI (kg/m²) | 34 6 | 33 5 | 33 6 | 33 5 | 34 8 | 33 4 | 31 3 | 37 3 | 33 6 | | Height (cm) | 175 9 | 172 8 | 170 9 | 170 9 | 171 13 | 175 7 | 171 12 | 168 8 | 172 9 | | Weight (kg) | 104 19 | 99 17 | 95 21 | 95 16 | 102 32 | 100 12 | 90 12 | 105 17 | 99 19 | | Waist circumference (cm) | 110 13 | 107 12 | 106 13 | 106 13 | 99 8 | 105 8 | 102 12 | 114 12 | 107 12 | | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 138 20 | 132 11 | 130 22 | 127 23 | 121 22 | 132 19 | 126 15 | 119 19 | 131 20 | | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 87 11 | 84 17 | 82 12 | 82 11 | 76 14 | 80 7 | 82 13 | 78 15 | 83 12 | | Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 0.6 | 5.4 1.1 | 5.4 1.5 | 5.2 0.6 | 5.1 0.5 | 5.5 0.3 | 5.1 0.3 | 5.1 0.3 | 5.3 0.9 | | Insulin (pmol/L) | 62 37 | 49 23 | 51 29 | 57 31 | 50 23 | 95 66 | 54 16 | 87 37 | 57 33 | | Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.9 1.1 | 5.3 0.9 | 5.2 1.1 | 5.1 1.0 | 5.2 0.8 | 5.2 1.0 | 5.0 0.6 | 4.9 0.8 | 5.3 1.0 | | LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.9 1.1 | 3.6 0.8 | 3.1 0.9 | 3.3 0.9 | 3.5 0.9 | 3.5 1.0 | 3.4 0.5 | 3.2 0.8 | 3.5 0.9 | | HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 0.3 | 1.2 0.3 | 1.4 0.4 | 1.2 0.3 | 1.2 0.2 | 1.2 0.4 | 1.2 0.2 | 1.3 0.3 | 1.2 0.3 | | Triacylgylcerol (mmol/L) | 1.8 1.0 | 1.3 0.8 | 1.8 2.1 | 1.5 1.1 | 1.1 0.4 | 1.5 0.8 | 1.1 0.4 | 1.3 0.7 | 1.5 1.2 | | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 5.3 6.8 | 3.3 3.7 | 4.2 4.1 | 4.3 5.2 | 2.5 1.8 | 3.6 2.0 | 21.7 25.1 | 2.7 1.7 | 4.8 7.2 |
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| (b) Baseline characteristics in children (means ± standard deviations). “+” measure present, “−” measure absent. |
| | Telemedicine | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | Total | | Financial benefit | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | | Dual diet | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | | Calorie restriction | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| | 25 | 23 | 22 | 29 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 119 | | Age () | 10 2 | 10 2 | 10 3 | 11 3 | 10 2 | 10 2 | 9 2 | 10 2 | 10 2 | | Male/female () | 12/13 | 8/15 | 7/15 | 17/12 | 4/1 | 4/2 | 0/5 | 2/2 | 54/65 | | BMI (kg/m²) | 26 5 | 26 6 | 24 3 | 26 4 | 26 7 | 25 5 | 23 4 | 27 7 | 25 5 | | BMI-SDS | 2.08 0.63 | 2.06 0.70 | 1.94 0.40 | 2.11 0.49 | 1.99 0.69 | 1.98 0.62 | 1.88 0.54 | 1.74 0.41 | 2.03 0.56 | | Height (cm) | 151 14 | 150 11 | 148 13 | 152 14 | 148 9 | 153 15 | 145 9 | 146 19 | 150 13 | | Weight (kg) | 60 21 | 60 21 | 54 17 | 61 19 | 57 20 | 61 21 | 50 12 | 51 21 | 58 19 | | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 111 16 | 109 14 | 111 20 | 106 17 | 102 10 | 97 10 | 105 19 | 116 23 | 108 17 | | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 70 11 | 72 11 | 73 14 | 66 11 | 58 8 | 58 8 | 55 11 | 66 5 | 68 12 | | Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 0.3 | 4.9 0.4 | 4.9 0.4 | 4.9 0.4 | 5.0 0.4 | 5.0 0.2 | 4.6 0.5 | 4.9 0.3 | 4.9 0.4 | | Insulin (pmol/L) | 56 28 | 50 26 | 52 28 | 56 34 | 71 75 | 47 9 | 64 55 | 73 66 | 56 34 | | Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.5 0.9 | 4.3 0.7 | 4.6 1.0 | 4.3 1.0 | 3.9 0.8 | 3.9 0.8 | 4.0 0.4 | 4.7 0.3 | 4.4 0.9 | | LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.9 0.7 | 2.6 0.6 | 2.9 0.8 | 2.7 0.9 | 2.5 0.5 | 2.4 0.6 | 2.6 0.4 | 2.7 0.4 | 2.7 0.7 | | HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 0.2 | 1.3 0.3 | 1.3 0.3 | 1.2 0.2 | 1.2 0.4 | 1.2 0.3 | 1.0 0.1 | 1.4 0.2 | 1.2 0.3 | | Triacylgylcerol (mmol/L) | 1.0 0.5 | 1.0 0.6 | 1.1 0.7 | 1.1 0.6 | 0.8 0.5 | 1.1 0.8 | 1.2 0.2 | 0.8 0.3 | 1.0 0.6 | | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.2 1.8 | 2.8 5.8 | 2.4 4.2 | 2.1 2.0 | 1.0 0.7 | 3.5 4.1 | 6.1 10.5 | 1.0 0.7 | 2.4 3.9 |
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